Chinotevera ndicho chitsauko pamusoro peMhuka Dzakagadziriswa (Chikamu 25) nenyanzvi ine mukurumbira pasi rose Steve Glassey, kubva ku Routledge Handbook on Animal Welfare (2022). Kuvhura uku chitsauko chebhuku chiripowo kuti udhaunirodhe.
Shandisa bhatani rekushandura riri kumusoro kwekurudyi kuona mumitauro inodarika makumi matanhatu.
Bibliografia inokurudzirwa yechitsauko chino chebhuku:
Glassey, S. (2022). Animal Disaster Management. Muna A. Knight, C. Phillips, & P. Sparks (Eds.), Routledge Handbook on Animal Welfare (mupepeti wekutanga, peji 1–336). https://doi.org/350/10.4324
Moto weAustralia Black Summer we2019-2020 wakaparadza mhuka dzinopfuura mabhiriyoni matatu (World Wildlife Fund, 2020) yakashanda sechiyeuchidzo chinorwadza chenjodzi dzatinosarudza kugadzira isu vanhu. Njodzi hadzisi dzomusikirwo, uyewo hadzisi chiitiko. Iwo maitiro anogadzirwa uye anoitwa nevanhu uye nesarudzo dzavo (Kelman, 2020, p. 15). Tsanangudzo dzezvinoita njodzi zvakare dzinowanzoita seanthropomorphic uye kutadza kuziva mhuka muchirevo chadzo, kazhinji ichibvisa vanhu vane manzwiro akadaro sekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kana kurasikirwa kwepfuma. Vanhu vari kuwedzera kuve panjodzi kubva kune njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga dzakadai semafashamo, dutu, kusanaya kwemvura, uye moto, uye kuwedzera uku kwakabatana zvakanyanya nekusagadzikana kwemaguta, kukura kwevanhu, uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze (Haddow et al., 2017). Mhuka, zvisinei, dziri kuramba dzichibatwa nenjodzi idzi, zvakare kuburikidza nekuwedzerwa kwekurima, kurasikirwa kwenzvimbo yekugara, uye kutadza kwehutano hwemhuka zvakare zvese zvinokonzerwa nekuita kwevanhu. Vanhu chete kunyangwe vaine mwero wakasiyana wesimba, simba, uye zviwanikwa vanogona kudzikisira njodzi idzi. Uku kusaenzana kwesimba kunoisa musengwa wetsika pavanhu kuita chiito chokudzivirira mhuka pamigumisiro yengwavaira yadzakaparira.
Kunyangwe dzimwe nguva zvichishandiswa zvakasiyana nevanhuwo zvavo, njodzi nenjodzi dzakasiyana zvakanyanya. Chimbichimbi chiitiko chinotyisidzira hupenyu kana midziyo, nepo njodzi iri emergency isingagoneki uye inoda rubatsiro kubva kunze. Kuti udzivise kuvhiringidzika nemishonga yekukurumidzira yemhuka, kutungamirirwa kwenjodzi yemhuka kunonyanya kunzwisiswa paunenge uchiita huwandu hwevateereri kubva kune veterinarians kune vatungamiri venjodzi. Chinangwa chekuchengetedza njodzi yemhuka ndechekugadzira nharaunda dzinosanganisira mhuka, dzakasimba.
Mumwe wemienzaniso yepakutanga-tanga yekudzivirirwa kwemhuka kubva munjodzi unogona kuwanikwa munyaya yemubhaibheri yeMafashamo aNoa, apo Noa nemhuri yake vakaponeswa naMwari kubva mumafashamo makuru mushure mekunge varayirwa kuvaka Areka kuti vagare ivo pachavo uye vaviri pane imwe neimwe. rudzi rwemhuka (New International Version 2011, Genesi 7).Kunyange zvazvo sainzi nechitendero zvingasabvumirana pamusoro pekuvapo kweAreka yakadaro, kukosha kwetsika dzemarudzi asiri evanhu kunokosha pakuvapo kwehupenyu hwevanhu mukati mezvinyorwa zvechitendero hazvifanirwe kuve. vasina hanya.
Inofungidzirwa kuti mhuka dzinopfuura mamiriyoni e40 dzinobatwa nenjodzi gore negore, nenhamba iyi inowedzera muAnthropocene (Sawyer naHuertas, 2018, p. 2). Nekudaro, iyo genesis yekutarisira njodzi yemhuka munguva dzazvino inonyanya kukonzerwa nezvidzidzo uye shanduko dzinotevera Hurricane Katrina. Muna August 2005, Hurricane Katrina yakarova Gulf Coast yeUnited States of America. Mukumuka kwayo, yakasiya US $ 110 bhiriyoni mukukuvadzwa uye 1,836 vanhu vakafa, zvichiita kuti ive njodzi yechitatu-yakauraya munhoroondo yeUS. Njodzi iyi yakaratidzawo kukosha kwekufambidzana kwezvipfuyo zvechimbichimbi, nepamusoro pe50,000 mhuka dzinovaraidza dzichisiiwa panguva yekuburitswa kweNew Orleans, uye 80-90% yezvipfuyo izvi zvichiparara. Izvo zvaitarisirwa kupera mukati memazuva mashoma zvakashanduka kuita njodzi uye zvakakonzeresa basa rakakura kwazvo rekununura mhuka munhoroondo yeUS - oparesheni yakanunura zvingangoita 15,000 mhuka dzinovaraidza, dzakatsigirwa nevamwe vazvipiri zviuru zvishanu. Gore ra5,000 risati rasvika, yaive mutemo weFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) kuti mhuka dzinovaraidza dzinofanira kusiiwa panguva yekubuda. Izvi zvave zvashandurwa zvachose nekuunzwa kwePets Evacuation & Transportation Standards (PETS) Act. Chinhu chimwe chete chinomanikidzira chevakuru vekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu kuti vadzidze kubva kuHurricane Katrina ndechokuti inenge 2005% yevanhu vasina kubuda vakagara, pamwe muchikamu, nokuti vakanga vasingadi kusiya zvipfuwo zvavo shure (Fritz Institute, 44). Chokwadi, Heath and Linnabary (2006) vanosimbisa kutsvaga uku vachiti:
Hapana chimwe chinhu chinokonzera kukundikana kwekubuda kwevanhu munjodzi dziri pasi pekutonga kwekukurumidzira kana njodzi yava pedyo sevaridzi vemhuka. Mamaneja ekukurumidzira anogona kutora mukana wechisungo icho vanhu vanacho nemhuka dzavo kudzidzisa maitiro akakodzera pakati pevaridzi vezvipfuyo munjodzi.
Chisungo chevanhu nemhuka chave chiri chinonyanya kutariswa mukutonga njodzi yemhuka, kazhinji vachishandisa zviitiko zvakanyorwa zvakanaka zvevanhu vachizviisa panjodzi yemhuka, senzira yekugadzirisa matambudziko ekuchengetedza mhuka kuburikidza neparadigm 'yekuponesa hupenyu hwemhuka, kuponesa vanhu. hupenyu'. Uye izvi zvinonyanya kuitika kune shamwari uye mhuka dzebasa dzakabatsira zvakanyanya maererano nekuchinja kwemitemo kuti vadzivirire kubva kune njodzi, kunyangwe ivo vari vashoma panjodzi, zvichipihwa kuti kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu kunovadzivirira. Ndidzo mhuka dzisina, kana kuti dzisina, zvisungo zvevanhu nemhuka, senge mhuka dzesango uye idzo dzinoshandiswa kudyiwa, dzinopihwa dziviriro shoma, zvichiita kuti dzive panjodzi zvakanyanya kunjodzi. Sosaiti yakazara inowanzoisa mhuka kuburikidza nesociozoologic system, iyo inoisa mhuka muchimiro chechirevo chinovabvumira kutsanangura, kusimbisa, uye kururamisa kudyidzana kwavo nezvimwe zvisikwa (Irvine, 2009,
Uku kuvakwa kwechiyero chesociozoological chinopa humwe huremu hwekunzwisisa kuti njodzi hadzisi dzechisikigo; zvinoratidzirwa navanhu, vachisarudza kuti imhuka dzipi dzisingakoshi kupfuura dzimwe, nokudaro zvichiita kuti dzimwe mhuka dzive dzisiri nyore kupinda dzimwe. Vanhu ndivo vane mutoro mukuru wekuita kuti mhuka dzive nyore kuwirwa nenjodzi, asi kusiyana nevanhu, mhuka kazhinji hadzina sarudzo mukuvaka kana kuratidzwa kwekusagadzikana kwadzo kwakakura. Kusagadzikana uku kunogona kuwedzerwa nehusina simba hwemhuka-hutano hwezvivakwa hunoonekwa sechikonzero chinokonzera njodzi dzemhuka (Heath naLinnabary, 2015), pamwe nemamwe akawanda akaomarara. matambudziko akaipa mukati mehurongwa hweveruzhinji uye mamiriro ekuronga (Glassey, 2020a). Kunyange mamiriro epamutemo emhuka anogona kubatsira mukuwedzera kusakuvara kwadzo kumigumisiro yenjodzi. Dzichibatwa semidziyo, mhuka dzinoitwa "dzisiri pamutemo kune vanhu" uye nekudaro "dzinowanzopihwa yakaderera padanho remhinduro yekukurumidzira" (Best, 2021) . Chokwadi chemitemo yenjodzi yemhuka ndechekuti havawanzove nechekuita nekunzwa kana kugara zvakanaka. of mhuka; vatyairi vemitemo yakadai vanonyanya kutarisa kuchengetedza vanhu kuburikidza nekuvandudza kutevedza kwevanhu kubuda uye kudzivirira vanhu kuti vadzokere munzvimbo dzine njodzi kuti vachengetedze mhuka, kunyanya shamwari dzemhuka.
Tichifunga nezve kukanganiswa kwekugara zvakanaka kwevanhu uye kwezvakatipoteredza kunobva kumhuka dziri kuwirwa nenjodzi nenjodzi, kutaurwa kwechinyakare ku "kuchengetedzwa kwemhuka kwenjodzi yekutarisira" kune dzimwe hurumende mukuronga kwavo kwechimbichimbi kunotadza kuziva hukama uhwu uye kunopesana nekugadzira mhuka. sechinhu chakakosha mukuderedza njodzi, mukati meUtano Humwe kana One Welfare nharaunda.
Mukati mebasa rekukurumidzira manejimendi (inozivikanwawo sekutonga kwenjodzi), nzira yehupenyu-yekutenderera inotorwa kuderedza njodzi, kugadzirira kukanganisa kwenjodzi dzakasara (yakasara njodzi mushure mekudzikisa kudzorwa kwave kushandiswa), kupindura kune njodzi kuchengetedza hupenyu. nemidziyo, uye kutsigira nharaunda dzakakanganiswa kuti dzigadziriswe. Izvi zvinowanzo zivikanwa sezvikamu zvina zvekutonga kwenjodzi kwakazara (Haddow, 2011, p. 9), kunyangwe dzimwe nyika dzakaita seNew Zealand dzichitaura nezvezvikamu izvi seKuderedza, Kugadzirira, Kupindura, uye Kudzoreredza zvakateerana (Glassey naThompson, 2020) .
Mukati memamiriro ekugadzirisa njodzi yemhuka, chikamu chekudzivirira chinosanganisira kubviswa kwenjodzi kana kuidzikisa kusvika padanho rinogamuchirwa, sekurambidza kurima kwakanyanya kana kudzikisa njodzi dzinosanganisirwa, sekusavaka dzimba dzekugara dzemhuka pamapani emvura. Mamwe matanho ekudzikisa anosanganisira seismic bracing yezvipfuyo caging system munzvimbo dzinowanzo kudengenyeka (senge New Zealand), uye kuiswa kwemasisitimu ekudzima moto uye kuwanikwa kwemvura yekudzima moto, kungotaura zvishoma. Nekudaro, panowanzova nenjodzi yakasara kunyangwe kurapwa uku kuri kushandiswa, uye nekudaro kugadzirira chiitiko chenjodzi kunodiwa.
Zviitiko zvekudzivirira zvinogona kusvika pakupasiswa kwemitemo kuti zvikwanise kuchengetedza mhuka kudzivirira kutarisana nenjodzi pakutanga. MuTexas, pasi peChikamu 821.077 cheHealth and Safety Code, hazvisi pamutemo kudzora imbwa kunze uye isina kutarisirwa panguva yekunyanyisa kwemamiriro ekunze kana kana yambiro yemamiriro ekunze yakapihwa (State of Texas, 2007). Kunyangwe mhuka dzinofambidzana dzisiri panjodzi kudarika mhuka dzekugadzira dzakatapwa, imbwa nekatsi dzinowanzo gamuchira mazinga epamusoro ekuchengetedzwa kwemutemo. Zvakare, izvi zvinoratidza kuti mhuka dzinogona kuverengerwa nekubatikana kwadzo nevanhu, pane kusazvibata kwavo chete. Mhuka dzinorimwa zvakanyanya senguruve nehuku dziri panjodzi huru yekukanganiswa nenjodzi. Kazhinji zvivakwa izvi zvakavakwa panzvimbo iri kure uye ine njodzi, izvo zvinoita kuti ivhu ridhure uye izvo zvinoonekwa sezvine pundutso kuita bhizinesi. Zvisungo zvemuno zvinogona kushandiswa kudzivirira kuvaka kana kushanda kwemapurazi akasimba munzvimbo dzemafashama, zvakanyanya kubvisa njodzi yemafashama kumhuka idzi. Muna 1999, Hurricane Floyd yakaparadza nzvimbo dzeNorth Carolina. Inosvika 2.8 miriyoni huku, 30,500 hogs, 2,000 mombe, uye mazana maviri emabhiza akanyura panguva yenjodzi iyi (Green, 250, p. 2019). Mukudengenyeka kweCanterbury kwa2, huku dzinopfuura 2020 dzakafa kana kuparadzwa apo macaging system adzo akaputsika.
Mhuka dzerabhoritari hadziwanzo kutariswa mukutonga kwenjodzi uye kune tsvakiridzo shoma munzvimbo ino. Mhuka idzi dzinogara dzakavharirwa mumakeji, kazhinji dzinotsamira zvizere pakudya kweatomatiki, kudiridza, uye kutonga kwezvakatipoteredza kuti vararame, uye kana masisitimu aya akatadza, hutano hwavo hunogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya. Muna 2006, jenareta yakakundikana paYunivhesiti yeOhio, uye magetsi paakadzoserwa akatanga kupisa system uye tembiricha yakasvika 105ºF (40.5ºC). Mhuka dzinosvika mazana manomwe dzakafa (Irvine, 700, p. 2009). Kunyangwe vamwe vagadziri vangaona matanho ekudzikisa akadai sekudzima moto otomatiki, masisitimu ekuchengetedza mhepo uye seismic bracing kunge inodhura, kuderedza njodzi kunoita hupfumi. Sekureva kweUnited Nations, dhora rega rega rakadyarwa mukudzikisa njodzi nekudzivirira rinogona kuchengetedza kusvika kumadhora gumi nemashanu mukudzoreredza mushure menjodzi (United Nations Hofisi yeKuderedza Njodzi, 85a).
Nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka uye aquaria zvakare dzakakanganiswa nenjodzi uye dzinowanzo furatirwa, nezvinodiwa zvekuronga zvechimbichimbi zvinowanzo tarisa pakurasikirwa nemhuka dzine njodzi nekuchengetedza veruzhinji, kwete hukuru hwakakura husina kunaka hwemagariro emhuka pamhuka dzadzo dzakatapwa izvo njodzi dzinogona. have. Muna 2002, nzvimbo yePrague Zoo yakafukidzwa nemafashama zvichiita kuti mhuka dzinopfuura zana nemakumi mashanu dziurawe (Irvine, 150, peji 2009), uye munguva yeAfghanistan mushure mehondo ye124, mhuka dzepaKabul Zoo dzakasiiwa dzisina kutarisirwa uye kutarisirwa kwakakwana, vachisiya vazhinji kuti vaparare nenzara uye mamiriro anotevera akaoma echando (Sawyer naHuertas, 2001, p. 2018).
Sezvo mauto eUS nemubatanidzwa akabuda kubva kuAfghanistan muna Nyamavhuvhu 2021, Kabul, kusanganisira neguta rayo zoo, yakawira pasi pekutonga kweTaliban. The Asia for Animals coalition (AFA) yakataura kuti hapana mhuka dzaive dzakuvadzwa uye kuti maTaliban aive nechokwadi chekuti zoo inoramba ichishanda seyakajairwa (AFA, 2021). Hazvizivikanwe kana kuenderera mberi kwekuchengetedzwa kwemhuka idzi dzeoo yaive sarudzo yekuziva yeTaliban, ingave sechidzidzo kubva ku2001 mushure mehondo nguva, kana kunyange chikamu chavo. mwoyo nepfungwa mushandirapamwe wekutsvaga hutongi hutsva, hwakashandurwa, uye hune hunhu. Matambudziko emhuka panguva yekubviswa kweAmerica akabata pasi rose uye akakonzera mheremhere apo zvainzi mauto eAmerica akanga asiya imbwa dzavo dzechiuto, izvo zvakazoonekwa kuti zvakanga zvisiri izvo. Mhuka dzakatorwa mifananidzo mumakireti endege paHamid Karzai International Airport dzaive imbwa kubva kuKabul Small Animal Rescue dzaitarisira kuti mhuka idzi nevashandi vadzo vabviswe (DefenseOne, 2021). Kuita kweveruzhinji kwakabudirirawo kumanikidza hurumende yeUnited Kingdom kuti ibvumire Pen Farthing - aimbove British Marine aishanda neNowzad mhuka dzekuchengetera mhuka muKabul - kubudisa makumi embwa nekatsi kuenda kuUK nendege yakavanzika (Washington Post, 2021). Farthing akashoropodzwa nevatungamiriri vehurumende kusanganisira Secretary of Defense weBritish, Ben Wallace nekufungidzira kuisa hupenyu hwemhuka pamberi pevanhu (Washington Post, 2021).
apo Aquarium yeAmerica akarasika negadziriro yeparutivi jenareta simba panguva Hurricane Katrina, pamusoro 10,000 hove kudzipwa (Irvine, 2009, p. 13). Kuve nekugadzirisa zvivakwa kwakakosha pakurarama kwemhuka dzakatapwa zvinoenderana neatomatiki kwezvakatipoteredza, kudya uye kudiridza masisitimu. Saizvozvovo, mukudengenyeka kwenyika muna 2011 Christchurch, Southern Experience Aquarium yakakuvadzwa zvisingagadzirisiki, uye pasinei nekuedza kwekununura nhamba isina kutaurwa yehove yakabviswa nekuda kwehutano husina kunaka hwemvura uye jenareta yakakundikana (Potts naGadenne, 2014, p. 217).
Mhuka dzinenge dzichidiwa nevanhu kuti dzirarame ndidzo dziri panjodzi huru yenjodzi uye dziya dzinotengeswa kunze negungwa hadzina kusiyana. Muna 2019, mutakuri wezvipfuyo Mambokadzi Hind akapindwa nemakwai anopfuura 14,000 13,820 akanga ari muchikepe achienda kunourayiwa. Mamiriro emubhodhi asati anyura aive akamanikana. Zvisinei nekuedza kwenyanzvi dzekununura mhuka kubva kuFour Paws neAnimal Rescue and Care Association (ARCA) yekuRomania, makwai anopfuura 2021 akanyura kana kufa nekuda kwekupidiguka. Zvakazoonekwa kuti chikepe chacho chaive nepasi chakavanzika chingadai chakakonzera kuwandisa, uye izvo zvakakanganisa kugadzikana kwechikepe (Zee, XNUMX). Kurambidzwa kwekutengesa kunze kwenyika kungadai kwakadzivirira iyi njodzi yakakonzerwa nevanhu.
Sechikamu chegadziriro yePPRR, kuronga njodzi mukati mechikamu chekugadzirira kunopa mukana wekuvandudza kushanda kwemhinduro kuchengetedza hupenyu uye pfuma, pamwe nekuderedza kukanganiswa kwevanhu munharaunda pasi pekutanga kubvumirana, iyo inotarisira kupa kujekesa basa kune masangano ose. Nyanzvi dzechinyakare dzakadai saAuf der Heide (1989) vanosimudzira musimboti wakakosha wekuti zvirongwa zvechimbichimbi zvinofanirwa kuvakirwa pazviri. zvichida, kwete zvechokwadi maitiro. Kubva pakuona kwechinyakare basa rekukurumidzira, raizoonekwa se zvechokwadi kuti, kana vanhu vakaudzwa kuti vabve uye vasiye vamwe vavo mhuka shure, vaizoita saizvozvo vachiteerera. Zvisinei, kune zvakawanda zvichida kuti vanochengeta mhuka idzi kana vatarisana nekubuda vanogona kuramba kubuda kunze kwekunge vakwanisa kutora mhuka dzavo, sezvakaitika muHurricane Katrina (Irvine, 2009) nenjodzi dzakadai sechiitiko chenyukireya cheFukushima zvichitevera kudengenyeka kwenyika uye tsunami muna 2011 (Kajiwara, 2020) )
Kugadzira zvirongwa zvekukurumidzira zvinosanganisira mhuka kunobatsira kujekesa mabasa uye mabasa emapato panguva yenjodzi. Kuti urege kugadzira kutsamira uye kuomesera evacuation logistics, zvakakosha kuti vachengeti vemhuka vatore mutoro wekugara kwavo zvakanaka. Uyu mutoro unowanzoiswa mumutemo, uye sezvo njodzi dzisiri dzomusikirwo, zvisungo zvevachengeti vakadaro hazvibviswi hazvo. Mune dzimwe nyika kana nyika, kune mamwe mabasa emutemo ekuona kuchengetedzeka kwemhuka dzakafumurwa kune yakafanoona yakanyanyisa mamiriro ekunze (Glassey, 2018; 2019; 2020b).
Kunyangwe paine akawanda akasiyana mamodheru, chiyero cheEmergency Management Accreditation Programme (EMAP) ndicho chinochinjika kushanda pakuronga njodzi yemhuka pamatanho ese (nyika, nyika, nharaunda). Uchishandisa iyo EMAP standard (2019) sebhenji, zvirongwa zvekukurumidzira manejimendi zvinofanirwa kusanganisira zvinotevera kufunga:
Pamusoro peiyo yakakosha miyero iri pamusoro, yakanangana nemhuka inofanirwa kusanganisira:
Kunyangwe zvazvo chitsauko chino chisingatarise kutarisiswa kwezvirwere zvemhuka, zvirongwa zvekuronga kubva mubhuku reGood Emergency Management Practice (GEMP) rakabudiswa neFood and Agriculture Organisation yeUnited Nations (FAO) rine mazano anobatsira, kusanganisira kukurudzira kuti zvirongwa zvenjodzi zvine chekuita nemhuka zviitwe. chikamu chehurongwa hwekutonga njodzi yenyika uye kukwanisa kuwana mari yakabatana nehurumende (2011, p. 18). Ikoko nyika dzakaita seUnited States dzakapfuudza PETS Act iyo inochengetedza mari yemubatanidzwa yekudyidzana uye yebasa rekuchengetedza mhuka zviitiko zvekukurumidzira, kunyangwe mishumo yakaunzwa kuParamende, hurumende yeNew Zealand yakaramba isingabatanidzi njodzi yemhuka kubva mukupindura kwayo njodzi yenyika uye kudzoreredza mari. gadziriro (Glassey, 2019).
Kukosha muzvikamu zvekuronga kazhinji hakusi gwaro rekupedzisira, asi zvakanyanya nzira iyo inofanirwa kusanganisa vanobatana kuti vawedzere kukoshesa kwakafanana kwenjodzi, uye kuti mhinduro yakarongeka inofanira kuitwa sei. Uko zvirongwa zvinogadzirwa zviri zvega zvinopedzisira zvaita sea bhokisi kukwenya kurovedza muviri, kunozivikanwawo sekutambura ne "pepa plan syndrome" (Auf der Heide, 1989).
Nzira dzekugadzirisa njodzi dzemhuka dzichiri muhucheche hwavo, zvakapihwa kuti muchikamu chikuru kusvika pakupfuura kweUS PETS Act muna 2006, pakanga paine vashoma vatyairi vemitemo yekuronga kwakadaro kutenderera pasirese. Zvakawanda zvekuedza kuronga kwakanangana nekutora nzira dzepakati pevanhu, izvo zvine musoro nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekuenderana, kugona, uye kupa mvumo kune kuedza. Nekudaro, mhando dzekuronga dzakagamuchirwa dzakagadzirwa uye dzakanatsiridzwa kune imwe mhando - vanhu, pasina kutarisisa kune mamwe marudzi. Kune dzinenge 7,700,000 marudzi emhuka pasi pano (Mora et al., 2011) uye izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvisiri zvevanhu zvinogadzira mamwe matambudziko kune vanoronga njodzi dzemhuka, avo vanowanzofanirwa kugadzira zvirongwa zvinogona kugadzirisa vashandisi vekupedzisira (kuva mhuka), kubva magiramu mashoma kusvika kumazana emakirogiramu, asingataudzani uye anogona kuhwanda, kutiza, kana kurwisa. Zvinoita sekuti kubatsira vanhu munjodzi kuri nyore kana tichienzanisa.
Muna 2014, National Planning Principles for Animals in Disasters (NPPAD) yakabudiswa neNational Advisory Committee yeMhuka mune Emergency uye yakatsigirwa neAustralia New Zealand Emergency Management Committee (Trigg et al., 2021) .NPPAD yakapa 8 mitemo ye chirongwa chekuronga uye 16 mamwe misimboti inosanganisirwa muzvirongwa chaidzo. Muna 2020, zvakaonekwa kuti muAustralia maive neruzivo rwune mwero rwemisimboti kune vese vanobatana, uye yakaderera kusvika pakati pekuita kwemisimboti (Trigg et al., 2021). Aya misimboti - kunyangwe akagadzirwa zvakanyanya muAustralia - anowanzo kushanda kune dzimwe nyika zhinji uye anogona kubatsira kuhurongwa hwekuronga.
Chikamu chekugadzirira chinogona kusanganisira kugadzira uye kuyedza zvirongwa zvekukurumidzira zvezvivakwa zvekugara mhuka, mishandirapamwe yekudzidzisa veruzhinji pamusoro pekugadzirira njodzi yemhuka, kudzidzisa mhuka kuti dzizive nzira dzekubuda uye kutakura, kuita mishandirapamwe yemicrochipping, kunyorera kune yekutanga yambiro masisitimu emvura, moto, uye zvakafanana, uye kudzidziswa kwevanopindura njodzi yemhuka mukuraira kwechiitiko, moto wemusango, uye kuchengetedzwa kwemafashama. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti kana njodzi yaitika, mhinduro yekudzivirira hupenyu nemidziyo inogona kuve yakanyanya kushanda, iyo inogona kusanganisira pet-friendly evacuation centers, emergency emergency fostering, veterinary disaster care, uye kununura mhuka.
Dzidzo, kudzidziswa, uye kurovedza muviri kwakakoshawo kune chikamu chekugadzirira. Huwandu hwemakosi ekuchengetedza njodzi yemhuka uye zvirongwa zvedzidzo zviri kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Kugovana ruzivo uye network kuenderera mberi kubatsira kufambisira mberi uku kuri kusimukira nyanzvi chirango uye maforamu akadai seNational Alliance for State and Agricultural Emergency Programs (NASAAEP) (Green, 2019, p. 3) neGlobal Animal Disaster Management Conference (GADMC) zvaita zvakakosha. mipiro mukusimudzira nharaunda dzinosanganisira mhuka dzakasimba.
Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemaitiro ekuronga aripo, Vieira naAnthony (2021) vakagadzira zvitanhatu zvine chekuita nekuchengetedza mhuka zvinangwa zvekutariswa pakugadzira zvirongwa zvekutonga njodzi uye marongero muAnthropocene. Zvinosanganisira (1) kuponesa upenyu uye kuderedza kukuvara; (2) kuchengetedza kugara zvakanaka kwemhuka uye kuremekedza zvakaitika kumhuka; (3) kucherechedza, kuziva, uye kusimudzira kururamisira kwokugovera; (4) kufambisira mberi kubatanidzwa kwevanhu;
(5) kupa simba vatarisiri, vachengeti, varidzi, uye nhengo dzenharaunda; (6) kusimudzira hutano hweveruzhinji uye hunyanzvi hwenharaunda yezvechiremba, kusanganisira kuita muzvikwata zvakasiyana-siyana uye kushandisa budiriro yesainzi. Yakashongedzerwa neAustralia NPPAD, iyo EMAP chiyero uye zvitanhatu zvine hutsika hwekutarisira zvinangwa, vanoronga njodzi dzemhuka ikozvino vane zvishandiso zvekugadzira zvirongwa zvinoshanda.
Kunyangwe chikamu chekupindura chinowanzo nyanya kushambadzwa, kazhinji ndicho chipfupi chakagara. Hwindo renguva yekununura mhuka dzisati dzafa nekukuvara, chirwere, nyota, kana nzara kazhinji idiki uye inoda kupindira nekukurumidza. Mune zvekurima, zvinopokana kuti kuisa inishuwarenzi mhuka kunogona kutungamira kune kwakaipa kwehutano hwemhuka, sezvo kazhinji chinokonzeresa kubhadhara kufa kwemhuka dzakadai (Sawyer naHuertas, 2018). Zvinobva zvave kukwezva mari kune vanochengeta zvipfuyo kuti zvibvumidzwe kuti zviparare. Nekudaro, kudzoreredza kwemombe dzinotevera njodzi kwagara kuchionekwa kusingashande, zvichikonzera kukuvadza kwehupfumi kwenguva refu kuvarimi, uye kune mutyairi kukurudzira kupindira kwekutanga kuchengetedza masheya akasara seimwe nzira iri nani (Sawyer naHuertas, 2018).
Muenzaniso wekusashanda zvakanaka kwekudyara kwakaitika kuMyanmar muna 2008, zvichitevera Cyclone Nargis, uko kwakarasikirwa zvikuru nenyati dzaishanda dzaikosha pakukohwa mupunga. Pasina mhuka idzi nyika yakasvibiswa nemafashamo yaisagona kuitwa kuti ibereke, saka nyati itsva dzinoshanda dzakaunzwa. Nekudaro, chirongwa ichi chekudzorera chakatadza kugadzirisa zvakanaka kufunga nezvehutano hwemhuka uye zvakakonzera kuunzwa kwezvirwere zvitsva uye nekuwedzera kufa kwezviyo zvakadaro (Sawyer naHuertas, 2018). "Kushaya rubatsiro rwemhuka idzi, dzinowanzoshanda zvakaoma mushure menjodzi, kana zvirongwa zvisina kurongwa zvekugadzirisa zvinogona kuita kuti mamiriro ezvinhu akaipa awedzere nokukurumidza" (Sawyer naHuertas, 2018, p. 7). Kubva kutanga kwe2000s rubatsiro rwekubatsira vanhu uye veterinary nyanzvi vakatanga kunyatsofungisisa kuti kupindira kwavo kuchengetedza zvipfuyo zvichitevera njodzi kwakabudirira here. Izvi zvakaita kuti sangano reFood Aid Organisation yeUnited Nations (FAO) nemamwe masangano agadzirise uye atsikise gwaro reLivestock Emergency Guideline and Standards (LEGS, 2017) . mapurojekiti ane hukama mumamiriro ekubatsira vanhu (LEGS, 2014). Nekudaro, LEGS inotarisa pakubatsira nharaunda dziri munyika dzisina kusimukira uye haipe zviyero zvekupindira kwenjodzi kunosanganisira dzimwe mhuka dzisiri zvipfuwo senge mhuka dzinofambidzana.
Panoitwa kununurwa kwemhuka panowanzoita kupatsanurwa pakati pemapoka ezvipfuyo anoita basa iri nevakuru vevanhu. Kazhinji ava 'vanunuri vemhuka' imapoka anozvimirira asina mvumo, kudzidziswa kana midziyo uye izvi delegitimation yekununura mhuka kunyanya inotadzisa avo nyanzvi dzekununura njodzi dzemhuka dzinoedza kutsvaga zviri pamutemo uye zvakabatanidzwa zvemhuka-vanhu njodzi mhinduro (Glassey, 2021). Kupiwa mvumo kwekununura mhuka kunotsanangurwa se:
Sub-optimal mhinduro nemapoka anofarira mhuka anopindura kubatsira mhuka munguva dzenjodzi kana njodzi nenzira isina kuchengetedzeka kana isiri pamutemo, izvo zvinoita kuti zvinyanye kuomera mapoka ekuona-fide enjodzi yekununura mhuka kuti agamuchirwe uye ashandiswe nezviremera nenharaunda mune ramangwana. kupindira. (Glassey, 2021)
Kunze kwekugona kuisa hupenyu hwevanhu panjodzi, kugovera kune zvakaipa kune hutano hwemhuka kuburikidza nekukanganisa kuvimbana pakati penharaunda yekupindura mhuka uye masangano ebasa rekukurumidzira. Pakupedzisira, kurasikirwa kwekuvimba uye kuvimba kunogona kutungamirira kune kuchengetedzwa kwemhuka munjodzi kunoonekwa sechipingamupinyi pane mukana wekuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu nemhuka. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti vanhu vanozviisa panjodzi yezvinodiwa nemhuka, sekutyora tambo kuti vatarise mhuka dzavo kana kutadza kubuda kana vasingakwanisi kutora mhuka dzavo (Heath, 1999; Heath et al., 2001; Irvine , 2009; Glassey, 2010; Potts naGadenne, 2014; Heath naLinnabary, 2015; Taylor et al., 2015).
Munguva yekupisa kwemasango muAustralia muzhizha ra2019 na2020, kurasikirwa kwemhuka dzemabhiriyoni matatu kwakawana kutariswa kwepasirese, pamwe nemhinduro kubva kumapoka emhuka epamba neekunze. Mapoka akadaro anozivisa zviri pamutemo kana zvisina kurongwa se'kununura mhuka'; zvisinei, mumamiriro ekutarisana nenjodzi, izvi zvinovhiringidza uye zvinotsausa kumasangano ebasa rekukurumidzira. Mapoka aya anoshandisa izwi rekuti 'kununurwa kwemhuka' asi zvingave zvakafanira kana 'kuchengeta mhuka', 'kugarisana zvakanaka', kana 'kuchengetazve' pakashandiswa. Kushandiswa kwe 'kununura mhuka' kunodzikisira kuvimbika kwemasangano e emergency service anonunura mhuka, uye vamwe vanogona kutora izwi rekuti 'kununura' sekushongedza kwekugona.
Nehurombo, kushaikwa kwemhuka-inosanganisirwa yekuronga manejimendi yekukurumidzira inoguma nemapoka ezvido zvemhuka achipindura njodzi pasina chiremera chakakodzera, kudzidziswa, kana midziyo, sezvakacherechedzwa naGlassey and Anderson (2019) muNelson, New Zealand moto we2019. Kunyangwe mhuka. mapoka ezvido anotarisisa mhinduro yenjodzi yemhuka akawanikwa achishaikwa, senge panguva yekupisa kwechirimo uko mavhidhiyo ekusimudzira airatidza vashandi vachishanda nemirazvo uye utsi hwakavatenderedza, uye zvakare vasina zvekutanga zvekudzivirira (Glassey, 2021). Kupfeka zvipfeko zvinoramba moto, bhutsu dzekuchengetedza, ngowani, gogi, uye magirovhosi chinhu chinodiwa pakushanda panzvimbo dzemoto, se- kunyangwe mazuva nemavhiki mushure mekunge moto wapfuura - zvinomera nemoto wepasi zvakajairika, uye zvinogadzira njodzi vashandi vekutsika kana kuwira mavari. Ngozi yemapazi nemiti inodonha panguva uye mushure memoto inoramba yakakura uye inoda kuti ngowani dzipfekwe. Kushandiswa kwemavhidhiyo kana mapikicha anoratidza mapoka emapoka emhuka asingatevedzeri kune zvakakosha zvekuchengetedza zvinopa mvumo kununura mhuka uye kunoderedza mwero wekuvimba uye kuvimba kwemasangano ezve emergency emergency (Glassey, 2021).
Kudimburwa kwacho kunosanganiswa nemapoka emhuka anoisa iwo ega zviyero zvekudzidziswa, kazhinji zvisingazivikanwe neveruzhinji kuchengetedza masangano. Mumabasa ekutsvaga nekununura mumadhorobha, macherechedzo ekutsvaga anogamuchirwa pasi rose akaiswa pazvivakwa zvakadonha kana kukuvara (sekutevera kudengenyeka kwenyika) anotadza kubatanidza kununura kwemhuka, zvichikonzera nyonganiso apo mapoka ekununura mhuka anoisa micherechedzo yawo (Glassey naThompson, 2020).
Imwe nzira yekupa mvumo yekununura mhuka inoitika kana mapoka ezvikarakadzo anopindura kune chimbichimbi uye anoti nyaya dzagara dziripo dzekuchengetedza mhuka sedzinokonzereswa, kana zvine chekuita nechiitiko. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kutora mifananidzo yemhuka dzinenge dzarasika muguta ranga raparara uye kuratidza kuti mhuka yaida kununurwa, apo payaive, panguva iyoyo uye njodzi isati yaitika, mhuka yakarasika; kana kuratidza imbwa dzisina matanga kana kuvharirwa necheni zvichitevera mafashamo, imbwa padzaive mumamiriro aya mvura isati yasvika. Mafashamo akadai anogona kunge akafumura kusagadzikana uku, asi anogona kunge asiri iwo honzeri yekunetsekana kwehutano hwemhuka. Zvinopokana kuti kudzivirira kuri nani pane mhinduro yepashure pechiitiko, uye mapoka ezvikara anoda kuderedza njodzi yemhuka anogona kutarisa kuedza kudzikisira uye kusimbisa husina simba hwehutano hwemhuka kuti huve nemhedzisiro yekuvandudza hutano hwemhuka (Glassey, 2021). Uko mhuka dzinonunurwa kubva munzvimbo yakawirwa nenjodzi, kana muchengeti asiri kuwanikwa, mhuka dzakabatwa dzinowanzoiswa munzvimbo yekugara kwenguva pfupi. Njodzi netsanangudzo dzinopfuura huwandu hwenzvimbo, saka kazhinji zvivakwa zvezuva nezuva senge nzvimbo dzekugara mhuka, pekugara vanhu, uye pondo zvinogona kunge zvisipo nekuda kwekukuvadzwa kana kuwanda kwehuwandu, tisingarevi kuti kazhinji masangano aya anogona kunge ari kuzviitirawo ega. mhuka nemitoro yenjodzi. Pazvinogoneka, zvivakwa zviripo uye vanopa masevhisi vanofanirwa kushandiswa sezvo vachiwanzopa mwero wepamusoro wehutano hwemhuka kune iwo edzimba dzenguva pfupi, uye kushandiswa kwavo kunokurudzirawo kusimuka kwehupfumi. Zvakawanda zvachinja mumakore gumi apfuura, neUnited States ichitungamira nzira nyowani dzekukurumidzira kuchengetedzwa kwemhuka. Traditional Mhuka-Chete Shelters (AOS) ndeaya uko kuchengetwa kwemhuka kunowira kuchikwata chekuchengetedza. Mhuka- Chete Shelters dzinogona kuve dzakakodzera mune mamwe mamiriro, asi kazhinji hadzina kugadzikana kana nhamba huru yevachengeti ichidikanwa, zvichiita kuti nzira iyi iome kukwira kune chero njodzi yenzvimbo yakakura. Zvakaonekwa zvakare kuti matumba aya anodhura zvakapetwa ka25 kushanda pane Co-Habitation Shelters (CHS) uye inodhura zvakapetwa kashanu pane Co-Located Shelters (CLS) (Strain, 2018). Sezvo mhuka dzakaparadzaniswa nevachengeti vavo muMhuka-Chete Shelters, izvi zvinogona kuwedzera kushungurudzika mumhuka, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera njodzi yechirwere. Uko kunowanikwa mhuka dzinofambidzana, vanobviswa vanogariswa muchivako chiri pedyo nepanogarwa mhuka, zvichibvumira vachengeti kuchengetedza uye kutarisira zvipfuwo zvavo. Izvi zvinopa maitiro uye pfungwa yechinangwa uye zvinowedzera muchengeti-mhuka yekudyidzana nguva. Imwe sarudzo - iyo ichangowana traction muUS - ndeyekugara pamwe chete, uko vanhu nemhuka dzavanogara vanogariswa semhuri imwe chete. Izvi zvinowanzo tungamira mukudzikira kushushikana mumhuka uye munhu, sezvo mhuka dzinovaraidza dzinowanzopa yakajairika psychosocial kugadzirisa maitiro uye mhuka dzinowanzo kugadzikana uye kunyarara. Kushaikwa kwekupa kwakakodzera, pekugara-hushamwari hwezvipfuyo kunotungamira kwete chete kune hurombo hutano hwemhuka, asi zvakare kunogona kukanganisa kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu - kunyanya kune avo vane hukama hwakasimba kumhuka dzavo. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika zvichitevera kudengenyeka kwenyika, tsunami, uye njodzi yenyukireya muna 2011, apo vanhu vakwegura vakasurukirwa vakasiiwa vasina imwe nzira kunze kwekurara mumotokari dzavo pedyo nenzvimbo dzekutamisa mhuka dzaisabvumira mhuka, kungove vega, vachitambura ne hypothermia mumhepo. nguva yechando, uye, pane imwe nguva, Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) kubva pakumanikidzana kwekurara uye kugara mamiriro (Kajiwara, 2020, p. 66). Kubvuma kuti 'Kudyisa Munzvimbo' kunogona zvakare kuve imwe nzira yekugara kwemhuka yekukurumidzira mune mamwe mamiriro, chakanyanya ndechekuti Co-Habitated Sheltering ndiyo chiyero chegoridhe (Green, 2019, p.
Kushaikwa kwevatakuri vezvipfuyo kwakabatanidzwa sechikonzero chinokonzera kukundikana kwekubuda (Heath, 1999, p. 209), kunyanya kune avo vane mhuka duku dzakawanda. Ikozvino yave tsika yakajairika kune nyanzvi dzekupindura njodzi yemhuka senge Animal Evac New Zealand kuenda kunzvimbo dzingangoda kuburitswa kana pasi pechiziviso chekubuda uye kugovera vatakuri vezvipfuyo kuti vavandudze kutevedzana kwekubuda. Izvi zvinotungamira kune zvirinani kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu nemhuka (Glassey naAnderson, 2019).
Pavanotarisana nechido chekubuda, dzimwe mhuri dzinogona kutobuda nemaune kuti dzisiye mumwe munhu kumashure kuti aende kumhuka dzavo, asi asara achienda kune kuchengeteka (Taylor et al., 2015). Ikoko mhuka dzakasiiwa munzvimbo yakabviswa njodzi, vazhinji vanowanzo dzokera kununura kana kutarisa kumhuka dzavo, izvo zvinogona kuzviisa ivo kana kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu vanopindura panjodzi, sezvakaita 2010 Haiti kudengenyeka (Sawyer naHuertas, 2018, p. 10) ), Canterbury kudengenyeka (Potts naGadenne, 2014), uye Edgecumbe mafashamo (Glassey et al., 2020). Zvakajairika kuti vanhu vazviise panjodzi yekudzivirira mhuka dzavo kana kuita zvidziviriro, sezvakaitika pakuparara kwechitima cheWeyauwega muna 1996. Zvichitevera kuparara kwechitima chakatakura zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokuvadza, taundi rose reWisconsin rine Mhuri 1,022 dzakabviswa nekuchimbidza. Mukati memazuva mashoma, varidzi vezvipfuyo vakaedza kutyora tambo kuti vanunure mhuka dzavo. Varidzi vakavhiringidzika 'panzvimbo yemhuka' vakabva varidza runhare kuburikidza nekutyisidzira kwebhomba kunzvimbo yezvechimbichimbi. Izvi zvakakonzera kutariswa kwakashata kwevezvenhau izvo zvakaita kuti Gavhuna wehurumende audze National Guard kuti ipinde nemotokari dzine zvombo kuti dzibatsire nekununura mazana emhuka dzinovaraidza dzakasara kumashure (Irvine, 2009, p. 38).
Kurasikirwa nemhuka dzeshamwari kunyanya kunogona kuve nekukanganisa hutano hwepfungwa. Hunt et al. (2008) vakawana kuti vakapona muDutu reKatrina vakangove nemukana wekutambura mushure mekurasikirwa nemhuka yavo sezvo vaive kubva mukurasikirwa nemba yavo. Njodzi dzinogonawo kuburitsa zvakaipisisa muvanhu uye kugadzira mikana yekushandisa avo vanotambura munharaunda nevanhu, senge. njodzi pedophiles avo vanoshandisa mamiriro emhirizhonga kufambisa vana vasina kuperekedzwa (Montgomery, 2011). Mhuka zvakare dzinogona kuve panjodzi kubva mukushungurudzwa kwakafanana sekuonekwa muHurricane Harvey nemishumo ye njodzi rutse uye kuunganidza njodzi, iyo yekupedzisira inosanganisira vachengeti vemhuka vakashandisa njodzi semukana wekudzorera hoard yavo (Glassey, 2018).
Kunyangwe nhanho yekupindura ichitanga, ndizvo zvakafanirawo kuronga kwekutanga kwechikamu chekudzoreredza. Kudzoreredza kunogona kutsanangurwa sekuvandudzwa kwenharaunda, uye chikamu ichi chinodawo kusanganisira kufunga nezvemhuka uye kugara kwavo zvakanaka. Izvi kazhinji zvinogona kusanganisira kupihwa pekugara kwemhuka dzekurojesa, kubatanidzwazve kwemhuka dzakatamiswa, uye kudzoreredzwa kwemabasa ekuchengetedza mhuka nemhuka. Kudzorera kunofanira kuvaka kumashure zvirinani, uye tsananguro yeUnited Nations, inova yepakati pemunhu, inotsanangurwa se:
Kushandiswa kwekugadzirisa, kugadzirisa nekugadzirisa zvikamu mushure menjodzi kuti kuwedzere kusimba kwemarudzi uye nharaunda kuburikidza nekubatanidza matanho ekuderedza njodzi mukudzorerwa kwezvivako zvemuviri uye hurongwa hwemagariro evanhu, uye mukugadzirisa mararamiro, hupfumi uye zvakatipoteredza. (Hofisi yeUnited Nations yekudzikisa njodzi, 2020b)
Kushaikwa kwepo-post-njodzi, pekugara-inoshamwaridzika pekugara kwakagara kuchionekwa senyaya, kubva kuHaiti uko, zvichitevera kudengenyeka kwenyika kwa2010, vanhu vakadzingwa mukati memisasa yematende havana kukwanisa kuva neshamwari yavo (Sawyer naHuertas, 2018, p. 10), kune avo vakadzokera kunzvimbo dzekusarurwa neradioactive pedyo neFukushima kuti vachengete mhuka dzavo muchivande, kana kuti vairara mumotokari dzavo muchando chaitonhora nemhuka dzavo, sezvo mhuka dzaisatenderwa munzvimbo dzenguva pfupi dzevakawanda (Kajiwara, 2020). Saizvozvo, muChristchurch zvichitevera kudengenyeka kwenyika kwa2011 kuCanterbury, pekugara pekugara pakava shoma, zvichimanikidza varidzi kusiya mhuka dzavo, zvichikonzera kushushikana kukuru kuvanhu nemhuka (Potts naGadenne, 2014).
Kushungurudza kunokanganisa vanhu nemhuka panguva uye mushure menjodzi kunogona kutambura kwemwedzi yakawanda. Vanhu ivavo vanopindura kuti vabatsire mhuka dzakakanganiswa nenjodzi, kubva kune vanozvipira vanonunura kune veterinarians vane unyanzvi, havazivikanwi kubva kune zvinokonzerwa nekusangana nezviitiko zvinotambudza zvinowanzowanikwa munjodzi. Muchidzidzo chepasi rose chevanopindura njodzi yezvipfuyo, zvakaonekwa kuti 51% yakaratidza hutano hwehutano panguva yekupindura kwavo uye kusvika kumwedzi mitanhatu mushure (Vroegindewey naKertis, 6). Izvo zvakakosha kune chero munhu anofunga kubatanidzwa mukupindura njodzi yemhuka kuti ave neruzivo rwepfungwa yekutanga rubatsiro rwekudzidziswa uye zviwanikwa.
Chikamu chekudzorera chinofanirawo kusanganisira nzira yekufungisisa pamusoro pemhinduro, uye kunyange pakugadzirisa. Kazhinji kutevedzera mhinduro, After Action Report (AAR) inonyorwa zvichitevera rondedzero yemasangano ane chekuita nemhinduro. Iyo AAR inhanho yekutanga yakakosha muhurongwa hwekutungamira kwezvidzidzo, iyo ine chinangwa chekuvandudza kwete chete inotevera mhinduro, asi inosimudzira kune yakafara nhanho yekunzwisisa yekukurumidzira manejimendi. Zvikuru, maAAR haasungirwe, kana chimiro, zvirimo, uye kuparadzira. Kunyangwe maAAR achikosha pakuvandudza mhinduro dzinotevera, izvo zvinofanirwa kutungamira kune zvirinani kuchengetedzwa kweveruzhinji uye hutano hwemhuka, haawanzo kugovaniswa, kazhinji nekuda kwekutya kushomeka kunounza kunyadziswa kwezvematongerwo enyika kana kukuvadza mukurumbira.
Zvidzidzo zvakaonekwa muAAR zvinosuruvarisa kuti hazviwanzo kudzidzwa. Chidzidzo chakaitwa naGlassey et al. (2020) yakaona kuti 7% chete yezvidzidzo zvinoshanda zvakadzidzwa mumamiriro ekupindura kwenjodzi yemhuka kubva muna 2017 Edgecumbe Mafashamo, kuenda ku2019 Nelson Fires. Ongororo yekuenzanisa yeAAR yezviitiko zvese izvi yakawana kuti matambudziko akajairika ane chekuita nekudzidziswa, kugona, mutemo, mutemo, kuronga, kutonga kweruzivo, uye manejimendi ezviitiko, zvakadzokororwa, uye zvidzidzo zvinoita sezvisina kudzidzwa. Kufungidzira kuti zvidzidzo zvinodzidzwa kubva munjodzi dzakamboitika kunoda kunyatsoongororwa.
Kuvandudza kugara zvakanaka kwemhuka munjodzi, basa rakawanda rinodiwa. Chekutanga, kudzikisira kusatyisidzirwa kwemhuka nenjodzi kunofanira kukoshesa. Sechikamu chemaitiro akazara ekukurumidzira manejimendi, marongero ekugadzira mhuka-inosanganisira kusimba kwenharaunda anofanirwa kusanganisira humbowo-mitemo nemitemo. Zvirongwa zvakadaro zvinoda kuona kuti vachengeti vanotora basa rekutanga rekuchengetedza mhuka munjodzi, asi vanofanirwa kupawo kutarisa nekuita kwehurumende nemasangano anodyidzana anofambisa uye kuronga manejimendi enjodzi yemhuka. Ikozvino hapana hurongwa hwekuenzanisa kushanda kwezvirongwa zvekuchengetedza njodzi dzemhuka munyika dzese. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti Animal Protection Index (World Animal Protection, 2020) idzokororwe kuti iise chiratidzo chekutonga njodzi yemhuka, kana kuti indekisi yepasi rose yenjodzi yemhuka inogadzirwa zvakafanana neNational Capabilities for Animal Response in Emergency (NCARE) sezvakagadzirwa. neAmerican Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Spain et al., 2017). Mitemo yemuenzaniso yekutonga kwenjodzi yemhuka inofanirwawo kugadzirwa uye kutariswa sechikamu cheakadzokororwa kana matsva indices. Mamwe maframework akadai se Nzvimbo shanu (Mellor, 2017) vanogona kubatsirwa nekuwedzera kutsvagisa zvine chekuita nekushandiswa kwavo kune njodzi yemhuka.
Panofanirawo kuva nekuedza kwakawanda kwekugadzirisa njodzi dzemhuka, kubva pakuva "nyaya yemhuka". Utano Humwe - Humwe Welfare nzira dzinopa mikana yekubatanidza hutano hwemhuka uye hutano hwevanhu, uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, zvose mumamiriro ekugadzirisa njodzi uye maererano nemasangano epasi rose ekuderedza njodzi dzakadai seSendai Framework (Dalla Villa et al., 2020) .Travers et al. (2021) inopawo mazano ekusimudzira hukama pakati peUtano Hwehutano nehutungamiri hwenjodzi yemhuka, kusanganisira: zvikamu zvishanu zvinopindirana zvechiito: (i) kubatanidza mhuka dzemhuka mukuita kwekugadzirisa njodzi uye mutemo; (ii) gadzira nzvimbo dzinovaraidza dzinovaraidza uye mitemo ine hukama; (iii) kuita chiito chenharaunda mukuronga kutonga kwenjodzi; (iv) kuvandudza hunyanzvi hwemunhu nekuita varidzi mukuvaka kugona uye (v) kudzoreredza hutano uye masevhisi ekukurumidzira kune nzira inopfuura-yevanhu.
Zvichida mhinduro iri kugadzira 'One Rescue' paradigm inoona zvikomborero nemikana yekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu apo mhuka dzakabatanidzwa mukuronga njodzi nevakuru vakuru vevanhu, zvakadai sekuva nemoto uye mabasa ekununura anoronga mhinduro yenjodzi yemhuka kuti ave nechokwadi chekubatanidza nzira, kudzivirira kudzokororwa kwekuedza, uye kusimudzira simba kubva kune vakadzidziswa uye vakashongedzerwa vanopindura njodzi dzemhuka, vachinyatsoita sevanowedzera simba. Iyi nzira inoisa kuchengetedzwa kwemhuka kwete sekufunga mushure menjodzi, asi basa repakati rinozotungamira kune zvirinani kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu nemhuka. Shanduko iyi zvakare yaizoda kuti avo vanobva kudivi re 'mhuka' vasimuke uye vawedzere kuvimbika mukati mebasa rekutonga njodzi, kuburikidza nekupedza kudzidziswa kwekukurumidzira, zvitupa, uye zvitupa zvakaita seCertified Emergency Manager (CEM®) kuwedzera hutano hwemhuka. kana veterinary background. Saizvozvovo, avo vari mu 'divi rekutonga njodzi' rinotarisana nevanhu vanofanirwa kunzwisisa zviri nani kukosha uye mabhenefiti ekubatanidza mhuka mugadziriro dzenjodzi, kuburikidza nebudiriro yehunyanzvi seWorld Animal Protection's PrepVet kosi uye FEMA Independent Study makosi pane inofambidzana mhuka uye zvipfuwo kuronga emergency. .
Mamirioni emhuka anokonzerwa nenjodzi gore rega rega uye izvi zvicharamba zvichikura sezvo vanhu vachiita sarudzo dzinowedzera kusagadzikana kwemhuka dzakadai kune huwandu huri kuwedzera hwenjodzi, huchiwedzera kuburikidza nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kuwedzera kwekurimwa kwemhuka, kuguta, kushaya simba kwehutano hwemhuka, uye gadziriro dzisina kunaka dzokudzora njodzi dzemhuka. Chero bedzi nzanga inotadza kuvandudza mamiriro ekugadzirisa njodzi yemhuka, kwete chete hutano hwemhuka hunokanganiswa, asi kuchengetedzwa, kugara zvakanaka, uye mararamiro evanhu zvakare. Kuti kuderedze kukanganisa uku, hurongwa hwakarongeka hwekubatanidza zvirinani masisitimu ekuchengetedza njodzi dzemhuka uye dzevanhu, pamwe chete nemaitiro akavandudzwa ekuzvidavirira pamatanho ese, anodiwa. Zvisikwa zvinosvika mamirioni masere pasi rose zvinoenderana nevanhu kuti vave netsika dzakanaka kuti vasimuke uye vagadzirise kusagadzikana uku, uye chiito chakadaro hachigone kuuya nekukurumidza.
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