Uwu ndi mutu wonena za Management Disaster Management (Ch. 25) ndi katswiri wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi Steve Glassey, ochokera ku Routledge Handbook on Animal Welfare (2022). Kufikira kotseguka uku chaputala cha buku likupezekanso kuti dawunilodi.
Gwiritsani ntchito batani lomasulira lomwe lili pamwamba kumanja kuti muwone zinenero zoposa 60.
Zolemba zovomerezeka za mutu wa bukhuli:
Glassey, S. (2022). Kasamalidwe ka Masoka a Zinyama. Mu A. Knight, C. Phillips, & P. Sparks (Eds.), Routledge Handbook on Animal Welfare (Mkonzi wa 1, tsamba 336-350). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003182351
Moto waku Australia Black Summer wa 2019-2020 womwe udawononga nyama zopitilira mabiliyoni atatu (World Wildlife Fund, 2020) zidakhala ngati chikumbutso chowopsa cha zoopsa zomwe anthu timasankha kupanga. Masoka si achilengedwe, komanso si zochitika. Ndi njira yopangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu ndi zosankha zawo (Kelman, 2020, p. 15). Tanthauzo la zomwe zimapanga tsoka limakondanso kukhala anthropomorphic ndipo amalephera kuzindikira nyama m'mawu awo, nthawi zambiri amachotsa zolengedwa zamalingaliro monga kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kapena kuwonongeka kwa katundu. Anthu akuchulukirachulukira pachiwopsezo cha ngozi zachilengedwe monga kusefukira kwa madzi, mvula yamkuntho, chilala, ndi moto, ndipo kuwonjezeka kumeneku kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kukwera kwa mizinda, kukula kwa anthu, komanso kusintha kwa nyengo (Haddow et al., 2017). Zinyama, komabe, zikukhala pachiwopsezo chowopsa ku ngozizi, komanso chifukwa chakukula kwaulimi, kutayika kwa malo achilengedwe, komanso kuwonongeka kwa thanzi la zinyama zonse chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Ndi anthu okha ngakhale ali ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, mphamvu, ndi chuma omwe angathe kuchepetsa ngozizi. Kusalinganika kwa mphamvu kumeneku kumapereka udindo wa makhalidwe abwino kwa anthu kuti ateteze nyama ku zotsatira za masoka omwe ayambitsa.
Ngakhale nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosinthana ndi anthu wamba, zochitika zadzidzidzi ndi masoka ndizosiyana kwambiri. Zadzidzidzi ndizochitika zomwe zimawopseza moyo kapena katundu, pamene tsoka ndi ngozi yomwe ili yoposa mphamvu zomwe zilipo ndipo imafuna thandizo lakunja. Pofuna kupewa kusokonezeka ndi mankhwala owopsa a zinyama, kuyang'anira masoka a zinyama kumamveka mosavuta pochita nawo anthu ambiri kuchokera kwa akatswiri a zinyama kupita kwa oyang'anira masoka. Cholinga cha kayendetsedwe ka masoka a zinyama ndi kupanga magulu ophatikizana ndi zinyama, okhazikika.
Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zoyambirira kwambiri za kutetezedwa kwa nyama ku tsoka chikupezeka m’nkhani ya m’Baibulo ya Chigumula cha Nowa, pamene Nowa ndi banja lake anapulumutsidwa ndi Mulungu ku chigumula chatsoka atauzidwa kuti amange chingalawa kuti azitha kukhalamo iwo eni ndi ziŵiri za banja lake. mtundu wa nyama (New International Version 2011, Genesis 7). kunyalanyazidwa.
Akuti nyama zoposa 40 miliyoni zimakhudzidwa ndi masoka chaka chilichonse, ndipo chiwerengerochi chikuwonjezeka ku Anthropocene (Sawyer ndi Huertas, 2018, p. 2). Komabe, chiyambi cha kayendetsedwe ka masoka a zinyama masiku ano makamaka chifukwa cha maphunziro ndi kusintha kwa mphepo yamkuntho Katrina. Mu August 2005, mphepo yamkuntho yotchedwa Hurricane Katrina inakantha gombe la Gulf Coast ku United States of America. Zotsatira zake, idasiya US $ 110 biliyoni ikuwonongeka ndipo anthu 1,836 amwalira, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti likhale tsoka lachitatu lakupha kwambiri m'mbiri ya US. Tsokali lidawonetsanso kufunikira kwa kasamalidwe kazazadzidzi kanyama, pomwe ziweto zopitilira 50,000 zidasiyidwa posamutsidwa ku New Orleans, ndipo 80-90% ya ziwetozi zikuwonongeka. Zomwe zikuyembekezeka kutha m'masiku ochepa zidasanduka tsoka ndikuyambitsa ntchito yayikulu kwambiri yopulumutsa nyama m'mbiri ya US - opaleshoni yomwe idapulumutsa ziweto pafupifupi 15,000, mothandizidwa ndi anthu odzipereka a 5,000. Chaka cha 2005 chisanafike, inali lamulo la Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) kuti ziweto zizisiyidwa panthawi yosamutsidwa. Izi tsopano zasinthidwa kotheratu ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Pets Evacuation & Transportation Standards (PETS) Act. Mfundo imodzi yofunika kwambiri kwa akuluakulu a chitetezo cha anthu kuti aphunzire kuchokera ku mphepo yamkuntho Katrina inali yakuti pafupifupi 44% ya anthu omwe sanasamuke amakhala, makamaka, chifukwa sankafuna kusiya ziweto zawo (Fritz Institute, 2006). Zowonadi, Heath and Linnabary (2015) amatsimikizira izi ponena kuti:
Palibenso chinthu china chomwe chimapangitsa kuti anthu alephere kuthawa m'masoka omwe amayang'aniridwa ndi oyang'anira mwadzidzidzi pamene chiwopsezo chayandikira monga umwini wa ziweto. Oyang'anira zangozi atha kupezerapo mwayi pa ubale womwe anthu amakhala nawo ndi ziweto zawo kuti alimbikitse eni ziweto pakagwa tsoka.
Ubale pakati pa anthu ndi nyama wakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri poyang'anira masoka a nyama, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zochitika zolembedwa bwino za anthu omwe amadziyika okha pachiwopsezo cha nyama, monga njira yothanirana ndi nkhawa zokhudzana ndi thanzi la nyama kudzera mu lingaliro la 'kupulumutsa miyoyo ya nyama, kupulumutsa anthu. moyo'. Ndipo izi ndizowona makamaka kwa anzawo ndi nyama zothandizira zomwe zapindula kwambiri posintha malamulo kuti zitetezedwe ku zoopsa, ngakhale kuti ndizochepa kwambiri, chifukwa chitetezo cha anthu chimawateteza. Ndi nyama zomwe zilibe, kapena zilibe pang'ono, zibwenzi za anthu ndi nyama, monga nyama zakuthengo ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zidye, zomwe zimatetezedwa pang'ono, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha ngozi. Gulu lonse la anthu nthawi zambiri limayika nyama kudzera mu dongosolo la sociozoologic, lomwe limayika nyama m'matanthauzidwe omwe amawalola kutanthauzira, kulimbikitsa, ndi kulungamitsa kuyanjana kwawo ndi zolengedwa zina (Irvine, 2009,
Kumanga uku kwa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu kumapereka mphamvu zowonjezera kumvetsetsa kuti masoka si achilengedwe; zimasonyezedwa ndi anthu, kudziŵa kuti ndi mitundu iti ya nyama imene ili yocheperapo kuposa ina, motero kumapangitsa nyama zina kukhala zosautsika kwambiri kuposa zina. Anthu ndiwo ali ndi udindo waukulu wochititsa nyama kukhala pachiwopsezo cha tsoka, koma mosiyana ndi anthu, nyama nthawi zambiri sizikhala ndi chosankha pakupanga kapena kuwonekera pachiwopsezo chawo chokulirapo. Chiwopsezo ichi chitha kukulitsidwa ndi zida zofooka za thanzi la nyama zomwe zimawonedwa ngati gwero langozi zangozi za nyama (Heath ndi Linnabary, 2015), pamodzi ndi zovuta zina zambiri. zovuta zoyipa mkati mwa mfundo zapagulu ndi mapulani (Glassey, 2020a). Ngakhale kukhazikitsidwa kwalamulo kwa nyama kungathandize kuonjezera chiopsezo chawo ku zotsatira za tsoka. Zinyama zimatengedwa ngati katundu, "zotsika mwalamulo kwa anthu" choncho "kawirikawiri zimapatsidwa zofunikira zochepa pazochitika zadzidzidzi" (Best, 2021) .Zowona za malamulo okhudza masoka a zinyama ndizoti kawirikawiri zimakhala zochepa zokhudzana ndi malingaliro kapena ubwino za nyama; oyendetsa malamulo oterowo amayang'ana kwambiri kuteteza anthu popititsa patsogolo kutsatiridwa kwa anthu ndikuletsa anthu kuti asabwererenso kumadera owopsa kuti apulumutse nyama, makamaka anzawo.
Chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwa moyo wa anthu ndi chilengedwe chifukwa cha zinyama zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi masoka ndi zochitika zadzidzidzi, kutchulidwa kwachikale kwa "kasamalidwe ka chitetezo cha zinyama" ndi maboma ena pakukonzekera kwawo kwadzidzidzi kumalephera kuzindikira maubwenzi amenewa ndipo sikuthandiza kupanga zinyama. monga chofunikira kwambiri pakuchepetsa masoka, mkati mwa One Health kapena One Welfare chilengedwe.
Mkati mwa ntchito yoyang'anira ngozi (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti kayendetsedwe ka masoka), njira yowonongeka kwa moyo imatengedwa kuti ichepetse zoopsa, kukonzekera zotsatira za ngozi zotsalira (zoopsa zotsalira pambuyo poyang'anira kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito), kuyankha masoka kuti ateteze moyo. ndi katundu, ndikuthandizira madera omwe akhudzidwa kuti achire. Izi zimadziwika kuti magawo anayi a kayendetsedwe ka masoka (Haddow, 2011, p. 9), ngakhale mayiko ena monga New Zealand amatchula magawowa monga Kuchepetsa, Kukonzekera, Kuyankha, ndi Kubwezeretsa motsatira (Glassey ndi Thompson, 2020) .
M'kati mwa kayendetsedwe ka masoka a zinyama, gawo lopewera likuphatikizapo kuthetsa chiopsezo kapena kuchepetsa mpaka pamlingo wovomerezeka, monga kuletsa ulimi wochuluka kapena kuchepetsa zoopsa zomwe zingagwirizane nazo, monga kusamanga nyumba za zinyama pazigwa. Njira zina zochepetserako ndikuphatikiza zivomezi zosungira nyama m'zigawo zomwe zimakonda zivomezi (monga New Zealand), komanso kukhazikitsa njira zozimitsira moto ndi kupezeka kwa madzi ozimitsa moto, kungotchulapo ochepa. Komabe, nthawi zambiri pamakhala chiwopsezo chotsalira ngakhale kuti mankhwalawa akugwiritsidwa ntchito, motero kukonzekera ngoziyi kumafunika.
Ntchito zopewera ziwopsezo zitha kupitilira mpaka pakukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo kuti athe kutetezedwa bwino ku ziweto kuti zipewe ngozi zowopsa poyamba. Ku Texas, pansi pa Gawo 821.077 la Health and Safety Code, ndikoletsedwa kuletsa galu panja komanso mosayang'aniridwa nyengo yanyengo kapena machenjezo okhudzana ndi nyengo ngati awa aperekedwa (State of Texas, 2007). Ngakhale nyama zinzake sizikhala pachiwopsezo chocheperako poyerekeza ndi nyama zogwidwa ukapolo, agalu ndi amphaka nthawi zambiri amalandira chitetezo chokwanira mwalamulo. Apanso, izi zikuwonetsa kuti nyama zimasankhidwa chifukwa chogwirizana ndi anthu, m'malo mokhala pachiwopsezo chokha. Ziweto zowetedwa kwambiri monga nkhumba ndi nkhuku ndizowopsa kwambiri chifukwa cha ngozi. Nthawi zambiri malowa amamangidwa pamalo akutali komanso owopsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malowa azikhala otsika mtengo ndipo amawonedwa kuti ndi opindulitsa kwambiri popangira bizinesi. Malamulo am'deralo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuletsa kumanga kapena kugwira ntchito kwa mafamu omwe ali m'malo osefukira, makamaka kuthetsa ngozi ya kusefukira kwa nyamazi. Mu 1999, mphepo yamkuntho Floyd inawononga madera a North Carolina. Pafupifupi nkhuku 2.8 miliyoni, nkhumba 30,500, ng'ombe 2,000, ndi akavalo 250 zidamira pa tsokali (Green, 2019, p. 2). Mu chivomezi cha 2020 ku Canterbury, nkhuku zoposa 20,000 zinafa kapena zinawonongeka pamene makina osungiramo makola anagwa (Glassey ndi Wilson, 2011). Kuyika kwa zivomezi zotchingira zivomezi zikanalepheretsa imfa zambiri.
Nyama za labotale sizimaganiziridwa kawirikawiri pakuwongolera masoka ndipo pali kafukufuku wochepa mderali. Nyamazi nthawi zonse zimakhala zotsekeredwa m'makola, nthawi zambiri zimadalira chakudya chodzipangira okha, kuthirira, ndi kuwongolera chilengedwe kuti zitheke, ndipo machitidwewa akalephera, moyo wawo ukhoza kusokonezedwa kwambiri. Mu 2006, jenereta inalephera ku yunivesite ya Ohio, ndipo magetsi atabwezeretsedwa adayambitsa makina otentha ndipo kutentha kunafika 105ºF (40.5ºC). Pafupifupi nyama za 700 zinafa (Irvine, 2009, p. 85). Ngakhale opanga ena angaone njira zochepetserako monga kuzimitsa moto wodziwikiratu, makina osungira mpweya wabwino komanso kukonza zivomezi kukhala zodula, kuchepetsa ngozi kumapangitsa chuma kukhala chomveka. Malinga ndi bungwe la United Nations, dola iliyonse yomwe idayikidwapo pakuchepetsa zoopsa komanso kupewa ingapulumutse mpaka madola 15 pakuchira pakachitika ngozi (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2020a).
Zoo ndi aquaria nawonso akhudzidwa ndi masoka ndipo nthawi zambiri amanyalanyazidwa, ndi zofunikira zokonzekera zadzidzidzi nthawi zambiri zimayang'ana pakutayika kwa nyama zowopsa komanso kuteteza anthu, m'malo mokhala ndi vuto lalikulu pazanyama zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi nyama zomwe zili m'ndende zomwe zimatha kukhala. Mu 2002, Prague Zoo inasefukira zomwe zinachititsa kuti nyama zoposa 150 ziphedwe (Irvine, 2009, p. 124), ndipo mu Afghanistan pambuyo pa nkhondo ya 2001, nyama za ku Kabul Zoo zinasiyidwa popanda chisamaliro chokwanira ndi chisamaliro, kusiya ambiri kuti awonongeke chifukwa cha njala ndi nyengo yozizira yotsatirayi (Sawyer ndi Huertas, 2018, p. 51).
Pamene asitikali aku US ndi amgwirizano adachoka ku Afghanistan mu Ogasiti 2021, Kabul, kuphatikiza zoo yake yamatawuni, idagwa pansi paulamuliro wa a Taliban. Bungwe la Asia for Animals coalition (AFA) linanena kuti palibe nyama yomwe idavulazidwa komanso kuti a Taliban akuwonetsetsa kuti zoo ikugwirabe ntchito ngati yanthawi zonse (AFA, 2021). Sizikudziwika ngati kutetezedwa kopitilira kwa nyama zosungira nyamazi kunali lingaliro la a Taliban, kaya ndi phunziro kuchokera mu nthawi ya nkhondo ya 2001, kapena gawo lawo. mitima ndi malingaliro kampeni yofuna kukhala ndi ulamuliro watsopano, wosinthika, komanso waumunthu. Mavuto a nyama pa nthawi yochoka ku United States adakopa chidwi padziko lonse lapansi ndipo zidadzetsa kulira pomwe akuti asitikali aku America adasiya agalu awo ankhondo, zomwe pambuyo pake zidapezeka kuti sizolondola. Nyama zojambulidwa m’mabokosi a ndege ku Hamid Karzai International Airport zinalidi agalu ochokera ku Kabul Small Animal Rescue omwe ankayembekezera kuti nyamazi ndi antchito awo asamutsidwe (DefenseOne, 2021). Zochita pagulu zidakakamizanso boma la United Kingdom kuti lilole Pen Farthing - wakale waku Britain Marine yemwe amagwira ntchito yosamalira nyama ku Nowzad ku Kabul - kuti atulutse agalu ndi amphaka ambiri kupita ku UK pandege yobwereketsa (Washington Post, 2021). Farthing adadzudzulidwa ndi atsogoleri aboma kuphatikiza Secretary of Defense waku Britain a Ben Wallace poganiza kuti amaika miyoyo ya nyama patsogolo pa anthu (Washington Post, 2021).
pamene Aquarium ya ku America anataya zosunga zobwezeretsera mphamvu jenereta pa mphepo yamkuntho Katrina, pa 10,000 nsomba suffocated (Irvine, 2009, p. 13). Kukhala ndi zomangamanga zokhazikika ndikofunikira kuti nyama zomwe zili m'ndende zizikhala ndi moyo chifukwa chodalira chilengedwe, kadyedwe ndi kuthirira. Mofananamo, mu chivomezi cha 2011 ku Christchurch, Southern Experience Aquarium inawonongeka kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale kuyesayesa kopulumutsira chiwerengero chosadziwika cha nsomba chinachotsedwa chifukwa cha madzi osauka komanso jenereta inalephera (Potts ndi Gadenne, 2014, p. 217).
Nyama zomwe anthu amangofuna kuti zipulumuke ndizomwe zimakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha tsoka ndipo zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja ndi nyanja sizosiyana. Mu 2019, wonyamula ziweto Mfumukazi Hind analandidwa ndi nkhosa zoposa 14,000 zomwe zinali m’ngalawa zopita kukaphedwa. Zomwe zinali m'bwalo lisanatembenuke zinali zochepa. Ngakhale kuti akatswiri opulumutsa nyama achita khama kuchokera ku Four Paws ndi Animal Rescue and Care Association (ARCA) ya ku Romania, nkhosa zoposa 13,820 zinamira kapena kufa chifukwa cha kugwedezeka. Pambuyo pake zidapezeka kuti sitimayo inali ndi malo obisika omwe akadathandizira kudzaza, ndipo zomwe zidakhudza kukhazikika kwa chombocho (Zee, 2021). Kuletsa kutumiza kunja kwa moyo kukanalepheretsa ngozi yobwera chifukwa cha anthu imeneyi.
Monga gawo la ndondomeko ya PPRR, kukonzekera masoka mkati mwa gawo lokonzekera kumapereka mwayi wopititsa patsogolo mayankho ogwira mtima kuti ateteze moyo ndi katundu, komanso kuchepetsa zotsatira za anthu omwe ali nawo m'madera omwe adagwirizana kale, omwe cholinga chake ndi kupereka tsatanetsatane wa ntchito m'mabungwe onse. Akatswiri akale monga Auf der Heide (1989) amalimbikitsa mfundo yofunikira kuti mapulani adzidzidzi akhazikitsidwe. mwinamwake, osati zolondola makhalidwe. Kuchokera pamawonedwe achikhalidwe azadzidzidzi, zitha kuwoneka ngati zolondola kuti, anthu akauzidwa kuti asamuke ndikusiya mnzawo ziŵeto, achite motsatira malamulo. Komabe, ndi zambiri mwinamwake kuti oyang'anira nyamazi akakumana ndi kuthawa akhoza kukana kuthawa pokhapokha atatenga nyama zawo, monga momwe zinachitikira mphepo yamkuntho Katrina (Irvine, 2009) ndi masoka monga chochitika cha nyukiliya cha Fukushima pambuyo pa chivomezi cha 2011 ku Japan ndi tsunami (Kajiwara, 2020) ).
Kupanga mapulani adzidzidzi ophatikizapo nyama kumathandiza kufotokozera maudindo ndi maudindo a maphwando panthawi ya tsoka. Kuti tisapangitse kudalira komanso kusokoneza njira zotulutsira anthu, ndikofunikira kuti oyang'anira ziweto azisamalira bwino. Udindo umenewu nthawi zambiri umalembedwa m'malamulo, ndipo popeza masoka si achilengedwe, udindo wa alonda oterowo sikuti umaphwanyidwa. M'mayiko kapena mayiko ena, pali maudindo ena azamalamulo owonetsetsa chitetezo cha nyama zomwe zikukumana ndi nyengo yodziwikiratu (Glassey, 2018; 2019; 2020b).
Ngakhale pali mitundu yambiri yosiyana, muyezo wa Emergency Management Accreditation Programme (EMAP) ndi umodzi womwe umatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera ngozi za nyama pamagulu onse (dziko, boma, dera). Pogwiritsa ntchito muyezo wa EMAP (2019) ngati benchmark, mapulani owongolera mwadzidzidzi akuyenera kukhala ndi izi:
Kuphatikiza pa mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zili pamwambapa, zofunikira zokhudzana ndi zinyama ziyenera kuphatikizapo:
Ngakhale mutu uno sunayang'ane kwambiri za kasamalidwe ka matenda a nyama, malingaliro okonzekera kuchokera mu buku la Good Emergency Management Practice (GEMP) lofalitsidwa ndi Food and Agriculture Organisation of United Nations (FAO) lili ndi malangizo othandiza, kuphatikizapo kulimbikitsa kuti mapulani okhudzana ndi masoka okhudzana ndi zinyama azichitika. gawo la kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka masoka a dziko ndikutha kupeza ndalama zokhudzana ndi boma (2011, p. 18). Kumene maiko monga United States adapereka lamulo la PETS lomwe limateteza ndalama za federal kuti zithandize zochitika zadzidzidzi ndi zinyama, ngakhale kuti malipoti aperekedwa ku Nyumba ya Malamulo, boma la New Zealand likupitirizabe kupatulapo kayendetsedwe ka masoka a zinyama pazochitika zatsoka za dziko ndi kubwezeretsa ndalama. makonzedwe (Glassey, 2019).
Phindu mu magawo okonzekera nthawi zambiri si malemba omalizira, koma makamaka ndondomeko yomwe iyenera kugwirizanitsa anthu ogwira nawo ntchito kuti apange kuyamikiridwa kofanana kwa zoopsazo, ndi momwe yankho logwirizana liyenera kuchitikira. Kumene mapulani amapangidwira paokha amatha kukhala ngati a kugwedeza bokosi masewera olimbitsa thupi, omwe amadziwikanso kuti akuvutika ndi "paper plan syndrome" (Auf der Heide, 1989).
Njira zokonzekera zowongolera masoka a nyama zikadali zaukhanda, popeza kuti mbali zambiri mpaka ndime ya US PETS Act mu 2006, panali oyendetsa ochepa owongolera mapulani otere padziko lonse lapansi. Zambiri mwazochita zokonzekera zakhala zikuyang'ana pakugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyang'ana anthu, zomwe zimakhala zomveka pazifukwa zofananira, zogwira mtima, komanso kupereka zovomerezeka pazoyeserera. Komabe, mitundu yotereyi yokonzekera idapangidwa ndikuyengedwa kwa mtundu umodzi - anthu, popanda kuganizira za mitundu ina. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 7,700,000 ya nyama padziko lapansi (Mora et al., 2011) ndipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu omwe sianthu imabweretsa zovuta zina kwa okonza masoka a nyama, omwe nthawi zambiri amayenera kupanga mapulani omwe atha kukhala ndi ogwiritsa ntchito (okhala nyama), ochepa magalamu mpaka mazana a kilogalamu, zomwe sizimalumikizana ndipo zimatha kubisala, kuthawa, kapena kuwukira. Zikuwoneka kuti kuthandiza anthu pakagwa masoka ndikosavuta poyerekeza.
Mu 2014, National Planning Principles for Animals in Disasters (NPPAD) inatulutsidwa ndi National Advisory Committee for Animals in Emergency ndipo inavomerezedwa ndi Australia New Zealand Emergency Management Committee (Trigg et al., 2021) .NPPAD inapereka mfundo zisanu ndi zitatu zothandizira ndondomeko yokonzekera ndi mfundo zina 8 zoti ziphatikizidwe mu ndondomeko zenizeni. Mu 16, zidapezeka kuti ku Australia kunali kuzindikira pang'ono za mfundozo kwa onse okhudzidwa, komanso kutsata kwapang'onopang'ono kwa mfundozo (Trigg et al., 2020). Mfundozi - ngakhale zinapangidwa makamaka ku Australia - nthawi zambiri zimagwira ntchito ku mayiko ena ambiri ndipo zingakhale zopindulitsa pakukonzekera.
Gawo lokonzekera lingaphatikizepo kupanga ndikuyesa mapulani adzidzidzi a malo okhala nyama, maphunziro apagulu okhudzana ndi kukonzekera ngozi ya nyama, kuphunzitsa nyama kuti zidziwe bwino njira zopulumutsira ndi zoyendera, kuchita kampeni ya microchipping, kulembetsa machenjezo oyambira kusefukira kwamadzi, moto, ndi monga, ndi maphunziro kwa oyankha masoka a zinyama mu lamulo la zochitika, moto wakutchire, ndi chitetezo cha kusefukira kwa madzi. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti tsoka likachitika, yankho loteteza moyo ndi katundu likhoza kukhala lothandiza kwambiri, zomwe zingaphatikizepo malo opulumutsirako ziweto, kusamalira zinyama mwadzidzidzi, kusamalira masoka a ziweto, ndi kupulumutsa nyama.
Maphunziro, maphunziro, ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi ndizofunikiranso pa gawo lokonzekera. Maphunziro osiyanasiyana owongolera masoka a nyama ndi mapulogalamu a maphunziro akuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono. Kugawana zidziwitso ndi ma netiweki kukupitiliza kuthandizira kupititsa patsogolo chikhalidwe cha akatswiri omwe akubwerawa komanso mabwalo monga National Alliance for State and Agricultural Emergency Programs (NASAAEP) (Green, 2019, p. 3) ndi Global Animal Disaster Management Conference (GADMC) apanga kwambiri kuthandizira kulimbikitsa magulu olimbana ndi nyama.
Mogwirizana ndi njira zomwe zilipo kale, Vieira ndi Anthony (2021) adapanga zolinga zisanu ndi chimodzi zosamalira nyama zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa popanga mapulani ndi ndondomeko zoyendetsera masoka mu Anthropocene. Zimaphatikizapo (1) kupulumutsa miyoyo ndi kuchepetsa kuvulaza; (2) kuteteza zinyama ndi kulemekeza zochitika za nyama; (3) kuyang'ana, kuzindikira, ndi kulimbikitsa chilungamo chogawa; (4) kupititsa patsogolo kukhudzidwa kwa anthu;
(5) kulimbikitsa opereka chisamaliro, owasamalira, eni ake, ndi anthu ammudzi; (6) kulimbikitsa thanzi la anthu ndi ukatswiri wazowona za ziweto, kuphatikiza kuchita nawo magulu amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndikugwiritsa ntchito chitukuko cha sayansi. Pokhala ndi NPPAD yaku Australia, muyezo wa EMAP ndi zolinga zisanu ndi chimodzi zosamalira bwino, okonza ngozi za nyama tsopano ali ndi zida zopangira mapulani ogwira mtima.
Ngakhale gawo loyankhira nthawi zambiri limafalitsidwa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri limakhala lalifupi kwambiri. Nthawi yopulumutsira nyama zisanafe ndi kuvulala, matenda, ludzu, kapena njala nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazing'ono ndipo zimafuna kulowererapo mwamsanga. Paulimi, akuti kusungitsa nyama kungapangitse kuti pakhale zotsatira zoyipa za thanzi la nyama, chifukwa nthawi zambiri choyambitsa kulipira ndi kufa kwa nyama zotere (Sawyer ndi Huertas, 2018). Zimakhala zokopa pazachuma kwa alonda a ziweto kuti zilole kuti ziwonongeke. Komabe, kubwezeretsanso ng'ombe pambuyo pa masoka nthawi zambiri kwapezeka kuti sikuthandiza, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwachuma kwa nthawi yayitali kwa alimi, ndipo pali dalaivala yemwe amalimbikitsa kulowererapo koyambirira kuti ateteze kupulumuka ngati njira yabwinoko (Sawyer ndi Huertas, 2018).
Chitsanzo cha kusagwira bwino ntchito kumeneku chinachitika ku Myanmar m’chaka cha 2008, pambuyo pa mphepo yamkuntho yotchedwa Cyclone Nargis, imene madera anawonongeka kwambiri chifukwa cha njati zimene zinali zofunika kwambiri kukolola mpunga. Popanda nyama zimenezi madera okhudzidwa ndi chigumula sakanatha kukhala obala, motero njati zatsopano zogwirira ntchito zinayambitsidwa. Komabe, pulogalamu yobwezeretsayi idalephera kuthana bwino ndi malingaliro aumoyo wa nyama ndipo idayambitsa kuyambitsa matenda atsopano komanso kufa kwazinthu zotere (Sawyer ndi Huertas, 2018). "Thandizo losauka kwa nyamazi, nthawi zambiri limagwira ntchito molimbika pambuyo pa tsoka, kapena mapulogalamu osakonzedwa bwino okonzanso zinthu angapangitse kuti zinthu zikhale zovuta kwambiri" (Sawyer ndi Huertas, 2018, p. 7). Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 thandizo lothandizira anthu ndi akatswiri a zinyama anayamba kuganizira mozama ngati njira zawo zotetezera ziweto pambuyo pa masoka zinali zogwira mtima. Izi zidapangitsa kuti bungwe la Food Aid Organisation la United Nations (FAO) ndi mabungwe ena akhazikitse ndikufalitsa Livestock Emergency Guideline and Standards (LEGS, 2017) . ntchito zokhudzana ndi zochitika zothandizira anthu (LEGS, 2014). Komabe, LEGS imayang'ana kwambiri kuthandiza anthu omwe ali m'maiko osatukuka kwambiri ndipo sapereka miyezo yoyendetsera masoka okhudza nyama zina zomwe sizikhala ndi ziweto monga anzawo.
Kumene kupulumutsa nyama kumachitika nthawi zambiri pamakhala kusagwirizana pakati pa magulu okonda nyama omwe akuchita ntchitoyi ndi akuluakulu opulumutsa anthu. Nthawi zambiri 'opulumutsa nyama' awa amakhala magulu odziyimira pawokha opanda ulamuliro, maphunziro kapena zida ndi izi kugawira ena ntchito za kupulumutsa nyama makamaka imalepheretsa magulu opulumutsa anthu pakagwa masoka a nyama omwe amayesa kufunafuna mayankho ovomerezeka komanso ophatikizika a masoka a nyama ndi anthu (Glassey, 2021). Kupatsidwa mwayi wopulumutsa nyama kumatanthauzidwa ngati:
Kuyankha kocheperako kwa magulu okonda nyama omwe amayankha kuti athandize nyama pakagwa ngozi kapena ngozi m'njira yosatetezeka kapena yosaloledwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti magulu opulumutsa anthu mwadzidzidzi avomerezedwe ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi aboma komanso anthu ammudzi mtsogolo. kulowererapo. (Glassey, 2021)
Kupatula kuyika miyoyo ya anthu pachiwopsezo, kugawa anthu kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa paumoyo wa ziweto chifukwa chosokoneza kudalirana pakati pa gulu loyankha za nyama ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito zadzidzidzi. Pamapeto pake, kutayika kwa chidaliro ndi chidaliro kumeneku kungapangitse kuti chitetezo cha zinyama pa masoka chiwoneke ngati cholepheretsa m'malo mwa mwayi wopititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha anthu ndi nyama. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti anthu amadziika pachiwopsezo cha zosowa za nyama, monga kuphwanya zingwe kuti zisamalire nyama zawo kapena kulephera kuthawa ngati zikulephera kutenga nyama zawo (Heath, 1999; Heath et al., 2001; Irvine , 2009; Glassey, 2010; Potts ndi Gadenne, 2014; Heath ndi Linnabary, 2015; Taylor et al., 2015).
Panthawi yoyaka moto ku Australia m'chilimwe cha 2019 ndi 2020, kutayika kwa nyama mabiliyoni atatu kudadziwika padziko lonse lapansi, komanso mayankho ochokera kumagulu okonda nyama zapakhomo ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi. Magulu otere amadzitcha mwamwayi kapena mwamwayi ngati 'kupulumutsa nyama'; komabe, muzochitika zowonongeka, izi ndizosokoneza komanso zosokoneza mabungwe ogwira ntchito zadzidzidzi. Maguluwa amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti 'kupulumutsa nyama' pomwe atha kukhala oyenera ngati 'chisamaliro cha ziweto', 'welfare', kapena 'rehoming' atagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa 'kupulumutsa zinyama' kumalepheretsa kukhulupilika kwa mabungwe ogwira ntchito zadzidzidzi omwe amapulumutsa zinyama, ndipo ena angatenge mawu oti 'kupulumutsa' ngati kukongoletsa luso.
Tsoka ilo, kusowa kwa dongosolo loyang'anira zadzidzidzi lophatikizapo nyama kumapangitsa kuti magulu okhudzidwa ndi zinyama ayankhe masoka popanda ulamuliro, maphunziro, kapena zipangizo zoyenera, monga momwe Glassey ndi Anderson (2019) adawonera ku Nelson, New Zealand moto wa 2019. Ngakhale zinyama. magulu achidwi omwe amayang'ana kwambiri kuyankha kwa tsoka la nyama apezeka kuti akusowa, monga nthawi yachilimwe yamoto pomwe makanema otsatsira amawonetsa ogwira ntchito ndi malawi ndi utsi mozungulira iwo, komanso opanda zida zodzitetezera (Glassey, 2021). Kuvala zovala zosagwira moto, nsapato zodzitetezera, zipewa, magalasi, magalasi, ndi magolovesi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pogwira ntchito poyatsira moto, monga - ngakhale masiku ndi masabata moto utadutsa - zomera ndi moto wapansi panthaka ndizofala, ndipo zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ngozi. ogwira ntchito kuti alowe kapena kugweramo. Kuopsa kwa nthambi ndi mitengo kugwa mkati ndi pambuyo pa moto kumakhalabe kwakukulu ndipo kumafunika kuvala zipewa. Kugwiritsa ntchito makanema kapena zithunzi zowonetsa magulu okonda nyama osatsatira zofunikira zachitetezo kumapereka mwayi wopulumutsa nyama ndikuchepetsa kudalirika komanso kudalirika kwa mabungwe othandizira mwadzidzidzi (Glassey, 2021).
Kusagwirizanaku kumaphatikizidwa ndi magulu a nyama omwe amakhazikitsa miyezo yawoyawo yophunzitsira, nthawi zambiri samazindikiridwa ndi mabungwe oteteza anthu. Pofufuza ndi kupulumutsa anthu m'matauni, zizindikiro zovomerezeka padziko lonse zomwe zimayikidwa pazinyumba zogwa kapena zowonongeka (monga pambuyo pa chivomezi) zimalephera kuphatikizira kupulumutsa nyama, zomwe zimadzetsa chisokonezo pamene magulu opulumutsa nyama amaika zolemba zawo (Glassey ndi Thompson, 2020).
Mbali inanso yopereka mwayi wopulumutsa nyama imachitika pamene magulu okonda nyama ayankha pamwadzidzidzi ndikunena kuti zomwe zidalipo kale zokhudzana ndi thanzi la ziweto zimayambitsidwa ndi, kapena zokhudzana ndi chochitikacho. Izi zingaphatikizepo kujambula zithunzi za nyama zosokera mumzinda wowonongeka ndi kusonyeza kuti nyamayo inkafunika kupulumutsidwa, pamene, panthawiyo komanso ngoziyo isanachitike, inali yosokera; kapena kusonyeza agalu opanda khola kapena kumangidwa unyolo kutsatira kusefukira kwa madzi, pamene agalu anali mu mikhalidwe imeneyi chigumula chisanachitike. Kusefukira kwa madzi kotereku mwina kunavumbulutsa zovuta izi, koma mwina sikunali chifukwa cha nkhawa za kasamalidwe ka nyama. Akuti kupewa ndikwabwino kuposa kuyankha pambuyo pazochitika, ndipo magulu okonda nyama omwe akufuna kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha nyama ku ngozi atha kuyang'ana zoyesayesa zochepetsera ndikulimbitsa chitetezo chazinyama zofooka kuti zithandizire kukonza bwino nyama (Glassey, 2021). Kumene nyama zimapulumutsidwa kudera lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi tsoka, ngati mlonda palibe, ziweto zomwe zakhudzidwa nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa m'malo osakhalitsa. Masoka ndi matanthauzidwe amaposa mphamvu zakumaloko, motero nthawi zambiri malo atsiku ndi tsiku monga malo ogona nyama, malo ogona anthu, ndi mapaundi satha kupezeka chifukwa chakuwonongeka kapena kuchulukira kwamphamvu, osanenanso kuti nthawi zambiri mabungwewa amathanso kukhala akudzisamalira okha. nyama ndi udindo wa tsoka. Ngati kuli kotheka, malo omwe alipo ndi opereka chithandizo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa nthawi zambiri amapereka chisamaliro chapamwamba cha ziweto ku malo ogona osakhalitsa, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo kumalimbikitsanso kukwera kwachuma. Zambiri zasintha m'zaka khumi zapitazi, pomwe United States ikutsogolera njira zambiri zatsopano zosungira nyama zadzidzidzi. Malo Osungira Zinyama Zachikhalidwe (AOS) ndi omwe chisamaliro cha nyama chimagwera ku gulu lachitetezo. Zinyama-Zokha Zogona Zitha kukhala zoyenera nthawi zina, koma nthawi zambiri sizikhala zokhazikika pakafunika osamalira ambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti njirayi ikhale yovuta kukwaniritsa tsoka lililonse ladera lonse. Zapezekanso kuti malo ogonawa ndi okwera mtengo ka 25 kuposa Co-Habitation Shelters (CHS) komanso okwera mtengo kasanu kuposa Co-Located Shelters (CLS) (Strain, 2018). Pamene nyama zimasiyanitsidwa ndi alonda awo m'malo Osungira Zinyama Zokha, izi zikhoza kuwonjezera kupsinjika kwa chiweto, zomwe zingapangitse chiopsezo cha matenda. Kumene nyama zinzake zimakhala pamodzi, anthu othawa kwawo amagonekedwa m'nyumba yomwe ili pafupi ndi kumene ziwetozo zimasungidwa, zomwe zimathandiza alonda kuti azisamalira komanso kusamalira ziweto zawo. Izi zimapereka chizoloŵezi ndi cholinga ndikuwonjezera nthawi yosamalirana ndi zinyama. Njira ina - yomwe ikungoyamba kumene ku US - ndi kukhalira limodzi, komwe anthu ndi ziweto zawo amasungidwa ngati banja limodzi. Izi nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa kupsinjika kwa nyama ndi anthu, chifukwa ziweto nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi njira zodziwika bwino zothanirana ndi nkhawa ndipo nyama nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokhazikika komanso zabata. Kupanda kupereka malo ogona abwino, ochezeka ndi ziweto sikungobweretsa zotsatira zoyipa za thanzi la ziweto, komanso kungawononge chitetezo cha anthu - makamaka kwa iwo omwe ali ndi zibwenzi zolimba ku ziweto zawo. Izi zinali choncho pambuyo pa chivomezi cha 2011 ku Japan, tsunami, ndi tsoka la nyukiliya, kumene okalamba osungulumwa adasiyidwa opanda chochita koma kugona m'magalimoto awo pafupi ndi malo opulumutsira omwe sanalole kuti zinyama, kuti zikhale zokhazokha, zimavutika ndi hypothermia mu nyengo yozizira, ndipo, nthawi ina, Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) kuchokera pakugona movutikira komanso kukhala (Kajiwara, 2020, p. 66). Kuvomereza kuti 'Kudyera Pamalo' kutha kukhalanso njira ina yobisalira nyama mwadzidzidzi nthawi zina, mfundo yayikulu ndikuti Co-Habitated Sheltering ndiye muyezo wagolide (Green, 2019, p.
Kuperewera kwa zonyamulira ziweto zakhala zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu asamuke (Heath, 1999, p. 209), makamaka kwa omwe ali ndi ziweto zazing'ono zambiri. Panopa ndizofala kuti mabungwe othandiza pakachitika ngozi za nyama monga Animal Evac New Zealand apite kumadera omwe angafunike kusamutsidwa kapena kudziwitsa anthu kuti asamuke ndikugawa zonyamula ziweto kuti zithandizire kuti anthu asamuke. Izi zimabweretsa zotsatira zabwino zachitetezo cha anthu ndi nyama (Glassey ndi Anderson, 2019).
Akakumana ndi kufunikira kochoka, mabanja ena amatha kusamuka mwadala kuti asiye wina kuti azisamalira ziweto zawo, pomwe otsalawo amapita kuchitetezo (Taylor et al., 2015). Kumene nyama zasiyidwa m'dera latsoka losamutsidwa, ambiri nthawi zambiri amabwerera kuti akapulumutse kapena kusamalira ziweto zawo, zomwe zingadziike pachiwopsezo chawo kapena oyankha chitetezo cha anthu, monga chivomezi cha 2010 ku Haiti (Sawyer ndi Huertas, 2018, p. 10). ), zivomezi za Canterbury (Potts ndi Gadenne, 2014), ndi kusefukira kwa Edgecumbe (Glassey et al., 2020). Ndizofala kuti anthu adziika pachiwopsezo kuti ateteze nyama zawo kapena kuchita zinthu zodzitchinjiriza, monga momwe sitima ya Weyauwega inadutsa mu 1996. Mabanja 1,022 adasamutsidwa mwachangu. Patangotha masiku angapo, eni ziweto anayesa kuswa chingwe kuti apulumutse ziweto zawo. Eni ake okhumudwa 'm'malo mwa nyama' ndiye adayimba foni kudzera mu chiwopsezo cha bomba ku malo opangira ngozi. Izi zidapangitsa kuti atolankhani asamavutike kwambiri zomwe zidapangitsa Bwanamkubwa wa boma kulamula a National Guard kuti alowe ndi magalimoto okhala ndi zida kuti athandize kupulumutsa mazana a ziweto zomwe zatsala (Irvine, 2009, p. 38).
Kutayika kwa nyama zomwe zinzake makamaka kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa zamaganizidwe. Hunt et al. (2008) adapeza kuti opulumuka mphepo yamkuntho Katrina anali ndi mwayi wokumana ndi zoopsa pambuyo potaya chiweto chawo monga momwe adataya nyumba yawo. Masoka amathanso kuwonetsa zoyipa kwambiri mwa anthu ndikupanga mwayi wopezerapo mwayi kwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo mdera lawo, monga okonda tsoka omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chipwirikiti kwa ana osayenda nawo (Montgomery, 2011). Zinyama nazonso zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo cha kuchitiridwa nkhanza zofananira monga momwe zinachitikira ku Hurricane Harvey ndi malipoti a kuwonongeka kwatsoka ndi kusonkhanitsa masoka, omalizawa okhudzana ndi oweta nyama omwe adagwiritsa ntchito tsokali ngati mwayi woti abwezerenso chuma chawo (Glassey, 2018).
Ngakhale pamene gawo loyankhira likuyamba, momwemonso kukonzekera koyambirira kwa gawo lobwezeretsa kuyeneranso. Kuchira kungafotokozedwenso ngati kubwezeretsedwa kwa anthu ammudzi, ndipo gawoli likufunikanso kuphatikiza malingaliro a nyama ndi moyo wawo. Izi nthawi zambiri zingaphatikizepo kuperekedwa kwa malo obwereketsa ogwirizana ndi zinyama, kugwirizanitsa nyama zomwe zathawa kwawo, ndi kubwezeretsanso ntchito zothandizira ziweto ndi zinyama. Kuchira kuyenera mangani bwino, ndi matanthauzo a bungwe la United Nations, omwe ali pakati pa anthu, amatanthauzidwa kuti:
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa magawo obwezeretsa, kukonzanso ndi kukonzanso pambuyo pa tsoka kuti awonjezere mphamvu za mayiko ndi midzi mwa kugwirizanitsa njira zochepetsera ngozi zapakhomo pokonzanso zowonongeka zakuthupi ndi machitidwe a anthu, komanso kukonzanso moyo, chuma ndi chilengedwe. (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2020b)
Kusowa kwa malo ogona pambuyo pa ngozi, ochezeka ndi ziweto nthawi zonse kwadziwika kuti ndi vuto, kuchokera ku Haiti komwe, kutsatira chivomezi cha 2010, anthu othawa kwawo m'misasa yamahema sanathe kukhala ndi anzawo (Sawyer ndi Huertas, 2018, p. 10), kwa iwo omwe adabwerera kumadera opatulapo ma radiation pafupi ndi Fukushima kuti akayang'anire nyama zawo mobisa, kapena amagona m'galimoto zawo m'nyengo yozizira ndi nyama zawo, popeza nyama siziloledwa m'malo obisalamo kwakanthawi (Kajiwara, 2020). Momwemonso, ku Christchurch pambuyo pa chivomezi cha 2011 Canterbury, malo ogona okhala ndi ziweto adasowa kwambiri, kukakamiza eni ake kusiya nyama zawo, zomwe zidabweretsa mavuto ambiri kwa anthu ndi nyama (Potts ndi Gadenne, 2014).
Mavuto omwe anthu ndi nyama amakumana nawo pakachitika ngozi komanso pambuyo pake, amatha kuvutika kwa miyezi ingapo. Anthu omwe amayankha kuti athandizidwe ndi zinyama zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi tsoka, kuchokera kwa opulumutsa odzipereka kupita kwa akatswiri odziwa zanyama, sakhala otetezedwa ndi zotsatira za kukumana ndi zowawa zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka pakagwa tsoka. Pakufufuza kwapadziko lonse kwa oyankha tsoka lazinyama, zidapezeka kuti 51% adawonetsa zovuta zamakhalidwe panthawi yomwe amayankha komanso mpaka miyezi 6 pambuyo pake (Vroegindewey ndi Kertis, 2021). Ndikofunikira kuti aliyense amene akuganiza kuti achitepo kanthu pakagwa tsoka la nyama kuti azitha kupeza maphunziro a chithandizo choyamba chamalingaliro ndi zothandizira.
Gawo lobwezeretsa liyeneranso kukhala ndi ndondomeko yoganizira yankho, komanso ngakhale kuchira. Nthawi zambiri potsatira yankho, lipoti la After Action Report (AAR) limalembedwa potsatira ndemanga za mabungwe omwe akukhudzidwa ndi yankho. AAR ndi sitepe yoyamba yofunikira pa kayendetsedwe ka maphunziro, yomwe cholinga chake ndi kupititsa patsogolo mayankho otsatila, komanso kupititsa patsogolo magawo ambiri a kayendetsedwe kadzidzidzi. Makamaka, ma AAR siwokakamiza, komanso mawonekedwe, zomwe zili, komanso kufalitsa. Ngakhale kuti ma AAR ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera mayankho otsatirawa, omwe amayenera kubweretsa chitetezo chabwino kwa anthu ndi zotulukapo zaumoyo wa ziweto, sagawikana kaŵirikaŵiri, nthawi zambiri chifukwa choopa zofooka zomwe zimabweretsa manyazi pandale kapena kuvulaza mbiri.
Maphunziro odziwika mu AAR mwatsoka samaphunziridwa kawirikawiri. Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Glassey et al. (2020) adapeza kuti ndi 7% yokha ya maphunziro omwe adaphunziridwa pokhudzana ndi ngozi za nyama zomwe zidachokera ku 2017 Edgecumbe Flood, mpaka 2019 Nelson Fires. Kuwunika kofananira kwa ma AAR pazochitika zonsezi kunapeza kuti mavuto omwe amafala okhudzana ndi maphunziro, kuthekera, malamulo, ndondomeko, kukonzekera, kasamalidwe ka chidziwitso, ndi kasamalidwe ka zochitika, adabwerezedwa, ndipo maphunziro akuwoneka kuti sanaphunzire. Lingaliro lakuti maphunziro amaphunziridwa kuchokera ku masoka apitalo kumafuna kuunika mozama.
Kuti nyama zisamayende bwino pakagwa masoka, pamafunika ntchito yambiri. Choyamba, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha nyama ku ngozi kuyenera kukhala patsogolo. Monga gawo la njira yothanirana ndi ngozi zadzidzidzi, njira zopangira chilimbikitso chophatikizana ndi nyama ziyenera kukhala ndi malamulo ndi mfundo zozikidwa pa umboni. Ndondomeko zotere ziyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti alonda amatenga udindo waukulu wosamalira zinyama pakagwa masoka, komanso akuyeneranso kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira ntchito za boma ndi mabungwe othandizana nawo omwe amathandizira ndikugwirizanitsa kayendetsedwe ka masoka a zinyama. Pakalipano palibe njira yofananizira mphamvu zoyendetsera masoka a zinyama m'mayiko onse. Ndibwino kuti Chidziwitso cha Chitetezo cha Zinyama (World Animal Protection, 2020) chiwunikidwenso kuti chiphatikizepo chizindikiro choyang'anira masoka a zinyama, kapena kuti ndondomeko yoyendetsera masoka a zinyama padziko lonse ipangidwe mofanana ndi National Capabilities for Animal Response in Emergency (NCARE) monga momwe anapangidwira ndi American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Spain et al., 2017). Malamulo achitsanzo a kayendetsedwe ka masoka a nyama ayeneranso kupangidwa ndikuganiziridwa ngati gawo lazosinthidwa kapena zatsopano. Zomangamanga zina monga Magawo Asanu (Mellor, 2017) atha kupindula ndi kafukufuku wowonjezera wokhudzana ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito pakuwongolera masoka a nyama.
Pakufunikanso kuyesayesa kowonjezereka kuti pakhale kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka masoka a zinyama, kusiyana ndi kukhala "nkhani ya zinyama". The One Health - One Welfare njira zimapereka mwayi wogwirizanitsa ubwino wa zinyama ndi anthu, ndi kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe, zonse zokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka masoka komanso mogwirizana ndi ndondomeko zapadziko lonse zochepetsera ngozi monga Sendai Framework (Dalla Villa et al., 2020) .Travers et al. (2021) imaperekanso malingaliro opititsa patsogolo mgwirizano pakati pa One Health ndi kasamalidwe ka masoka a zinyama, kuphatikizapo: magawo asanu osakanikirana: (i) kuphatikiza ziweto m'zochitika zoyendetsera masoka ndi ndondomeko; (ii) kukhazikitsa malo ochezeka ndi ziweto ndi mfundo zake; (iii) kuchitapo kanthu pazochitika za anthu pokonza zoyendetsera masoka; (iv) kukulitsa luso laumwini pochita nawo eni ake pakukulitsa luso ndi (v) kukonzanso zaumoyo ndi chithandizo chadzidzidzi kunjira yoposa ya anthu.
Mwinamwake yankho likupanga paradigm ya 'One Rescue' yomwe imazindikira ubwino ndi mwayi wa chitetezo cha anthu pamene nyama zikuphatikizidwa mukukonzekera masoka ndi maulamuliro a anthu, monga kukhala ndi moto ndi ntchito zopulumutsira zomwe zimagwirizanitsa kuyankha kwa masoka a zinyama kuti zitsimikizire njira yophatikizira, kupeŵa kubwereza kuyesetsa, ndi kuwongolera mphamvu kuchokera kwa ophunzitsidwa ndi okonzekera masoka a zinyama, mogwira mtima ngati ochulukitsa mphamvu. Njirayi imayika chitetezo cha zinyama osati monga kuganiza pambuyo pa masoka, koma ntchito yaikulu yomwe idzatsogolera ku zotsatira zabwino za chitetezo cha anthu ndi zinyama. Kusintha kumeneku kungafunikenso omwe akuchokera kumbali ya 'zinyama' kuti apite patsogolo ndikukhala odalirika kwambiri pantchito yoyang'anira masoka, pomaliza maphunziro owongolera mwadzidzidzi, ziyeneretso, ndi zidziwitso monga Certified Emergency Manager (CEM®) kuti athandizire kusamalira nyama. kapena maziko azanyama. Momwemonso, iwo omwe ali mu 'mbali yoyang'anira masoka' akuyenera kumvetsetsa bwino kufunikira ndi phindu lophatikizira nyama pazochitika zatsoka, kudzera mu chitukuko chaukadaulo monga World Animal Protection's PrepVet course ndi FEMA Independent Study courses on the compant animal and ziweto zokonzekera mwadzidzidzi. .
Zinyama mamiliyoni ambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi tsoka chaka chilichonse ndipo izi zipitilira kukula pamene anthu akupanga zisankho zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha nyama zotere ku zoopsa zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira, zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, kukulitsidwa kwaulimi wa nyama, kukula kwa mizinda, kuwonongeka kwa thanzi la nyama, komanso kusakonza bwino kwa ngozi za nyama. Malingana ngati anthu akulephera kukonza momwe zinthu zilili pa kayendetsedwe ka masoka a zinyama, sikuti ubwino wa zinyama uli pachiwopsezo, komanso chitetezo, ubwino, ndi moyo wa anthu. Pofuna kuchepetsa zovutazi, kuyesayesa kogwirizana kuti aphatikize bwino machitidwe oyendetsa masoka a zinyama ndi anthu, pamodzi ndi njira zowongoleredwa zoyankha pamagulu onse, ndizofunikira. Mitundu pafupifupi mamiliyoni asanu ndi atatu padziko lonse lapansi imadalira anthu kuti akhale ndi kampasi yamakhalidwe abwino kuti athane ndi zovuta izi, ndipo izi sizingachitike posachedwa.
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