Okulandelayo yisahluko sokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane (Ch. 25) ngochwepheshe owaziwayo wamazwe ngamazwe USteve Glassey, ukusuka I-Routledge Handbook on Animal Welfare (2022). Lokhu kufinyelela okuvulekile Isahluko sencwadi siyatholakala futhi ukuze usilande.
Sebenzisa inkinobho yokuhumusha ekhoneni eliphezulu kwesokudla ukuze ubuke ngezilimi ezingaphezu kuka-60.
I-bibliography enconyiwe yalesi sahluko sencwadi:
Glassey, S. (2022). Ukuphathwa Kwezinhlekelele Zezilwane. Ku-A. Knight, C. Phillips, & P. Sparks (Eds.), I-Routledge Handbook on Animal Welfare (I-1st., amakhasi 336-350). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003182351
Imililo yase-Australian Black Summer yango-2019–2020 ecekele phansi izilwane ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu (World Wildlife Fund, 2020) isebenze njengesikhumbuzo esinzima sezingozi thina bantu esikhetha ukuzidala. Izinhlekelele azizona zemvelo, futhi azisona isenzakalo. Ziyinqubo ekhiqizwa futhi yasetshenziswa abantu nokukhetha kwabo (Kelman, 2020, p. 15). Izincazelo zalokho okwakha inhlekelele futhi kuvame ukuba yi-anthropomorphic futhi yehluleke ukuqaphela izilwane kumagama azo, ngokuvamile zihoxisa izinto ezinjalo ezizwelayo njengomthelela wemvelo noma ukulahleka kwempahla. Abantu baya ngokuya besengozini ezingozini zemvelo ezifana nezikhukhula, iziphepho, isomiso, nemililo, futhi lokhu kwanda kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokufudukela kwabantu emadolobheni, ukukhula kwenani labantu kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu (Haddow et al., 2017). Izilwane, nokho, ziba sengozini kakhulu kulezi zingozi, futhi ngenxa yokuqina kokulima, ukulahlekelwa indawo yokuhlala yemvelo, kanye nokwehluleka kwengqalasizinda yezempilo yezilwane futhi konke okubangelwa isenzo somuntu. Ngabantu kuphela nakuba abanamazinga ahlukahlukene ethonya, amandla, nezinsiza abanganciphisa lezi zingozi. Lokhu kungalingani kwamandla kubeka isibopho sokuziphatha kubantu ukuthi bathathe isinyathelo sokuvikela izilwane emiphumeleni yezinhlekelele ezizidalile.
Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa abantu abavamile ngokushintshana, izimo eziphuthumayo nezinhlekelele zihluke kakhulu. Isimo esiphuthumayo yisigameko esisongela impilo noma impahla, kanti inhlekelele iyisimo esiphuthumayo esingaphezu kwamandla akhona futhi sidinga usizo lwangaphandle. Ukuze ugweme ukudideka ngemithi ephuthumayo yezilwane, ukuphathwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane kuqondakala kalula lapho kuhilela izethameli eziningi ezivela kodokotela bezilwane kuya kubaphathi bezinhlekelele. Umgomo wokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane uwukwakha imiphakathi ehlanganisa izilwane, eqinile.
Esinye sezibonelo zokuqala zokuvikelwa kwezilwane enhlekeleleni singatholakala endabeni yeBhayibheli kaZamcolo kaNowa, lapho uNowa nomndeni wakhe basinda khona nguNkulunkulu kuZamcolo wenhlekelele ngemva kokuyalelwa ukuba bakhe umkhumbi ukuze bahlale kuwo kanye nezimbili kuzo zonke. uhlobo lwesilwane (New International Version 2011, Genesise 7). Nakuba isayensi nenkolo ingase ingavumelani ngokuba khona koMphongolo onjalo, ukubaluleka kwamasiko kwezinhlobo ezingezona ezomuntu okuba semqoka ebukhoneni bempilo yomuntu emibhalweni yezenkolo akufanele kube. zinganakwa.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izilwane ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-40 ezithintekayo yizinhlekelele minyaka yonke, nale nombolo iyanda ku-Anthropocene (Sawyer and Huertas, 2018, p. 2). Kodwa-ke, i-genesis yokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane ezikhathini zanamuhla ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezifundo nezinguquko ezilandela iSiphepho uKatrina. Ngo-August 2005, iSiphepho uKatrina sagadla eGulf Coast yase-United States of America. Ekuvukeni kwayo, ishiye ama-US $ 110 billion emonakalweni kwathi abantu abayi-1,836 bashona, okwenza kwaba inhlekelele yesithathu ebulala kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Le nhlekelele iphinde yagqamisa ukubaluleka kokuphatha izimo eziphuthumayo zezilwane, njengoba kunezilwane ezifuywayo ezingaphezu kuka-50,000 ezishiywe ngesikhathi kukhishwa eNew Orleans, kanti u-80-90% walezi zilwane ezifuywayo ziyabhubha. Okwakulindeleke ukuthi kuphele phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa kuphenduke inhlekelele futhi kwaqala umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu wokuhlenga izilwane emlandweni wase-US - ukuhlinzwa okuhlenge izilwane ezifuywayo ezingaba ngu-15,000, okusekelwa amavolontiya angaba ngu-5,000. Ngaphambi kuka-2005, kwakuyinqubomgomo ye-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ukuthi izilwane ezifuywayo kufanele zishiywe ngesikhathi sokuphuma. Lokhu manje sekushintshe ngokuphelele ngokwethulwa kwePets Evacuation & Transportation Standards (PETS) Act. Iqiniso elilodwa eliphoqa kakhulu ukuthi izikhulu zokuphepha komphakathi zifunde esiphepho uKatrina ukuthi cishe ama-44% abantu abangazange baphume bahlala, okungenani ingxenye, ngoba babengafuni ukushiya izilwane zabo ezifuywayo ngemuva (Fritz Institute, 2006). Ngempela, uHeath noLinnabary (2015) bayakugcizelela lokhu okutholakele bathi:
Asikho esinye isici esinomthelela omkhulu ekuhlulekeni kokuphuma kwabantu ezinhlekeleleni ezingaphansi kokulawulwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo lapho usongo luseduze njengobunikazi bezilwane ezifuywayo. Abaphathi bezimo eziphuthumayo bangasebenzisa ithuba lebhondi abantu abanayo nezilwane zabo ukuze bagxilise ukuziphatha okufanele phakathi kwabanikazi bezilwane ezifuywayo ezinhlekeleleni.
Isibopho somuntu nesilwane kube yinto okugxilwe kuyo kakhulu ekulawuleni izinhlekelele zezilwane, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa izenzakalo ezibhalwe kahle ezibonisa ukuthi abantu bazibeka engcupheni yezilwane, njengendlela yokubhekana nezinkinga zenhlalakahle yezilwane ngombono 'wokusindisa izimpilo zezilwane, kusindisa abantu. izimpilo'. Futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngezilwane ezingabangane nezinsizakalo ezizuze kakhulu mayelana nezinguquko zokulawula ukuze zivikeleke emiphumeleni yezinhlekelele, naphezu kokuthi zisengozini encane, njengoba ukunakekelwa komuntu kuzinikeza isivikelo. Izilwane ezingenakho, noma ezingenakho okuncane noma ezingenakho, izibopho zomuntu nezilwane, njengezilwane zasendle kanye nalezo ezixhashazwayo ukuze zidliwe, ezinikezwa amazinga amancane okuvikeleka, okuzenza zibe sengozini kakhulu emithelela yenhlekelele. Umphakathi uwonke ngokuvamile ulinganisa izilwane ngohlelo lwe-sociozoologic, oluhlukanisa izilwane ngesakhiwo sencazelo esizivumela ukuba zichaze, ziqinise, futhi zithethelele ukusebenzisana kwazo nezinye izidalwa (Irvine, 2009,
Lokhu kwakhiwa kwesikali se-sociozoological kunikeza isisindo esengeziwe ekuqondeni ukuthi izinhlekelele azizona zemvelo; zibonakaliswa ngabantu, zinquma ukuthi yiziphi izilwane ezingabalulekile kunezinye, ngaleyo ndlela zenza ezinye izilwane zibe sengozini kakhulu kunezinye. Abantu banesibopho esikhulu sokwenza izilwane zibe sengozini yenhlekelele, kodwa ngokungafani nabantu, izilwane ngokuvamile azikwazi ukukhetha ekwakhiweni noma ekuvezeni ubuthakathaka bazo obuthuthukile. Lokhu kuba sengcupheni kungandiswa ingqalasizinda yezempilo yezilwane ebuthakathaka ethathwa njengembangela yezingozi zezilwane ezihambisanayo (Heath and Linnabary, 2015), kanye nenqwaba yezinye eziyinkimbinkimbi. izinkinga ezimbi ngaphakathi kwenqubomgomo yomphakathi nomongo wokuhlela (Glassey, 2020a). Ngisho nezimo ezingokomthetho zezilwane zingaba nomthelela ekwandiseni ukuba sengozini kwazo emiphumeleni yenhlekelele. Ziphathwa njengempahla, izilwane zenziwa “eziphansi ngokomthetho kubantu” futhi ngenxa yalokho “imvamisa zinikezwa ukubaluleka okuphansi ezinhlelweni zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo” (Best, 2021). Iqiniso lemithetho yenhlekelele yezilwane ukuthi akuvamisile ukuthi ihlanganise kancane nemizwa noma inhlalakahle. wezilwane; abashayeli bemithetho enjalo bagxile kakhulu ekuvikeleni abantu ngokwenza ngcono ukuthotshelwa kokuphuma kwabantu kanye nokuvimbela abantu ukuthi babuyele ezindaweni eziyingozi ukuze basindise izilwane, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezingabangane.
Uma kubhekwa umthelela enhlalakahleni yomuntu neyemvelo evela ezilwaneni ezithintwa izinhlekelele nezimo eziphuthumayo, ukubhekisela esiphelelwe yisikhathi “kokuphathwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo zenhlalakahle yezilwane” ngohulumeni abathile ekuhleleni kwabo izimo eziphuthumayo kuyahluleka ukubona lobu budlelwano futhi akukhiqizi ekwenzeni izilwane. njengokubalulekile ekuncishisweni kwezinhlekelele, endaweni Yezempilo Eyodwa noma Yenhlalakahle Eyodwa.
Ngaphakathi komkhakha wokulawulwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo (okwaziwa nangokuthi ukulawulwa kwezinhlekelele), kuthathwa indlela yomjikelezo wokuphila ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi, kulungiselelwe imithelela yezinsalela zobungozi (ubungozi obusele ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele), ukubhekana nezinhlekelele ukuvikela impilo. kanye nempahla, kanye nokweseka imiphakathi ethintekile ukuze ibuyiselwe. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwaziwa njengezigaba ezine zokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele okuphelele (Haddow, 2011, p. 9), nakuba amanye amazwe anjengeNew Zealand ebiza lezi zigaba ngokuthi Ukuncishiswa, Ukulungela, Ukusabela, kanye Nokubuyisela ngokulandelana (Glassey noThompson, 2020) .
Ngaphakathi kwengqikithi yokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane, isigaba sokuvimbela sihlanganisa ukuqedwa kobungozi noma ukubunciphisa kuze kufike ezingeni elamukelekayo, njengokuvimbela ukulima ngokujulile noma okungenani ukunciphisa ubungozi obuhlobene, njengokungakhi izindawo zokuhlala zezilwane ezindaweni ezikhukhula. Ezinye izindlela zokunciphisa zibandakanya ukuzamazama komhlaba kwezinhlelo zokuhlanganisa izilwane ezindaweni ezivame ukuzamazama komhlaba (njenge-New Zealand), nokufakwa kwezinhlelo zokucisha umlilo kanye nokuba khona kwamanzi okucima umlilo, ukubala ezimbalwa. Kodwa-ke, kuvame ukuba nensalela yengozi naphezu kokuthi lezi zindlela zokwelapha zisetshenziswa, ngakho-ke kudingeka ukulungiselela isiphetho sengozi.
Imisebenzi yokuvikela ingadlulela ekuphasisweni kwemithetho ukuze kutholakale ukuvikelwa kwezilwane kangcono ukugwema ukuchayeka ezingozini zezinhlekelele kwasekuqaleni. E-Texas, ngaphansi kweSigaba 821.077 Sekhodi Yezempilo Nezokuphepha, akukho emthethweni ukuvimba inja ngaphandle futhi ingagadiwe phakathi nesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu noma uma izexwayiso zesimo sezulu esihlobene nazo zikhishiwe (State of Texas, 2007). Nakuba izilwane ezihambisana nazo zisengozini encane kunezilwane ezikhiqizwayo ezithunjiwe, izinja namakati ngokuvamile zithola amazinga aphezulu okuvikelwa okusemthethweni. Futhi, lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izilwane cishe zibalwa ngokusondelana kwazo nabantu, kunokuba sengozini yazo yodwa. Izilwane ezifuywe kakhulu njengezingulube nezinkukhu zisengozini enkulu emithelela yenhlekelele. Ngokuvamile lezi zinsiza zakhiwe endaweni eqhelile futhi esengozini, okwenza umhlaba ungabizi kakhulu futhi okucatshangwa ukuthi unenzuzo enkulu ukuqhuba ibhizinisi. Imithetho yendawo ingase isetshenziselwe ukuvimbela ukwakhiwa noma ukusebenza kwamapulazi aqinile ezindaweni ezikhukhula, ikakhulukazi ukuqeda ingozi yezikhukhula kulezi zilwane. Ngo-1999, iSiphepho u-Floyd sacekela phansi izingxenye zeNorth Carolina. Cishe izinkukhu eziyizigidi ezi-2.8, izingulube ezingama-30,500, izinkomo ezingama-2,000, namahhashi angama-250 eminza ngale nhlekelele (Green, 2019, p. 2). Ngokuzamazama komhlaba kwango-2020 eCanterbury, izinkukhu ezingaphezu kuka-20,000 zafa noma zacekelwa phansi njengoba amasistimu azo ekheji ewa (Glassey noWilson, 2011). Ukufakwa kwe-seismic bracing for caging cishe bekuzovimbela ukufa kwazo okuningi.
Izilwane zaselabhorethri azivamile ukucatshangelwa ekulawuleni izinhlekelele futhi kunocwaningo olulinganiselwe kule ndawo. Lezi zilwane zihlale zivalelwe emakhejini, ngokuvamile zithembele ngokuphelele ekudleni okuzisebenzelayo, ukuphuziswa, nokulawulwa kwemvelo ukuze ziphile, futhi lapho lezi zinhlelo zingaphumeleli, inhlalakahle yazo ingaba sengozini kakhulu. Ngo-2006, ijeneretha yehluleka eNyuvesi yase-Ohio, futhi lapho ugesi ubuyiselwa kwaqala uhlelo lokushisa futhi izinga lokushisa lafinyelela ku-105ºF (40.5ºC). Cishe izilwane ezingama-700 zafa (Irvine, 2009, p. 85). Nakuba abanye abakhiqizi bengase babone izinyathelo zokunciphisa ezifana nokucisha umlilo okuzenzakalelayo, izinhlelo zokusekela umoya ezisekelayo kanye nokulungisa isimo sezulu ezibizayo, ukunciphisa izinhlekelele kwenza umqondo wezomnotho. Ngokusho kweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene, idola ngalinye elitshalwe ekwehliseni ubungozi nasekuvimbeleni lingonga kuze kufike kumadola ayi-15 ekubuyiseleni emuva kwenhlekelele (Ihhovisi LeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Lokunciphisa Izinhlekelele, 2020a).
Ama-zoos kanye ne-aquaria nakho kuthintekile ngenxa yezinhlekelele futhi ngokuvamile akunakwa, nezidingo zokuhlela izimo eziphuthumayo ngokuvamile zigxile ekulahlekelweni kwezilwane eziyingozi nokuvikela umphakathi, kunokuba kube nemithelela emibi yenhlalakahle yezilwane ezilwaneni ezithunjiwe ezingase zibe nezinhlekelele. babe. Ngo-2002, iPrague Zoo yagcwala izikhukhula okwaholela ekubulaweni kwezilwane ezingaphezu kuka-150 (Irvine, 2009, p. 124), futhi esikhathini sangemva kwempi yase-Afghanistan ka-2001, izilwane zase-Kabul Zoo zashiywa ngaphandle kokunakekelwa nokunakwa okwanele, okushiya abaningi bebulawa indlala kanye nezimo ezinzima zasebusika ezilandelayo (Sawyer noHuertas, 2018, p. 51).
Njengoba amasosha ase-US kanye nomfelandawonye aphuma e-Afghanistan ngo-Agasti 2021, iKabul, kuhlanganise ne-zoo kamasipala, yawela ngaphansi kokulawulwa yiTaliban. I-Asia for Animals coalition (AFA) ibike ukuthi azikho izilwane ezilimale nokuthi iTaliban iqinisekisa ukuthi i-zoo iyaqhubeka nokusebenza njengokujwayelekile (AFA, 2021). Akukacaci ukuthi ukuvikelwa okuqhubekayo kwalezi zilwane ze-zoo kwakuyisinqumo esiqaphelayo samaTaliban, noma ngabe kuyisifundo senkathi yangemva kwempi ka-2001, noma ingxenye yabo. izinhliziyo nezingqondo umkhankaso wokufuna indlela entsha yokubusa, eshintshile, nenobuntu. Usizi lwezilwane ngesikhathi i-US ihoxa ngempela yadonsa ukunaka komhlaba wonke futhi yabangela ukukhala lapho kuthiwa amasosha aseMelika ayeshiye izinja zawo zezempi, okwatholakala kamuva ukuthi kwakungalungile. Izilwane ezithwetshulwe emakhreyithi ezindiza e-Hamid Karzai International Airport empeleni kwakuyizinja zase-Kabul Small Animal Rescue ezazinethemba lokuthi lezi zilwane kanye nabasebenzi bazo bazokhishwa (DefenseOne, 2021). Ukusabela komphakathi kuphinde kwacindezela uhulumeni wase-United Kingdom ngempumelelo ukuthi avumele uPen Farthing - owayengowasemanzini waseBrithani owayesebenzisa izinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi e-Nowzad eKabul - ukuthi akhiphe inqwaba yezinja namakati aye e-UK ngendiza eqashwe ngasese (Washington Post, 2021). UFarthing wagxekwa abaholi bakahulumeni okuhlanganisa noNobhala Wezokuvikela waseBrithani uBen Wallace ngokubeka izimpilo zezilwane ngaphambi kwabantu (Washington Post, 2021).
Lapho I-Aquarium yaseMelika ulahlekelwe amandla ejeneretha eyisipele ngesikhathi seSiphepho uKatrina, ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi eziyi-10,000 zancipha (Irvine, 2009, p. 13). Ukuba nengqalasizinda eqinile kuyisihluthulelo sokusinda kwezilwane ezithunjiwe ezincike emvelweni okuzenzakalelayo, ukuphakela kanye nezinhlelo zokunisela. Ngokufanayo, ekuzamazameni komhlaba e-Christchurch ka-2011, i-Southern Experience Aquarium yabhekana nomonakalo ongenakulungiseka, futhi naphezu kwemizamo yokuhlenga inani elingadalulwanga lezinhlanzi lakhishwa ngenxa yekhwalithi yamanzi ephansi kanye nejeneretha ehlulekayo (Potts and Gadenne, 2014, p. 217).
Izilwane ezithandwa ngabantu ukuze ziphile zisengozini enkulu yenhlekelele futhi lezo ezithunyelwa bukhoma olwandle azihlukile. Ngo-2019, umthwali wemfuyo Indlovukazi Hind waketulwa nezimvu ezingaphezu kuka-14,000 13,820 esikebheni ezazizohlatshwa. Izimo ebhodini ngaphambi kokuketula zaziminyene. Naphezu kwemizamo yochwepheshe bokuhlenga izilwane abavela ku-Four Paws kanye ne-Animal Rescue and Care Association (ARCA) yase-Romania, izimvu ezingaphezu kuka-2021 ziminze noma zafa ngenxa yokuketula. Kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi umkhumbi wawunezitezi eziyimfihlo ebezingaba nomthelela ekulayisheni ngokweqile, futhi lokho kuthinte ukuzinza komkhumbi (Zee, XNUMX). Ukwenqatshelwa kokuthekelisa bukhoma bekuzoyivimbela le nhlekelele edalwe abantu.
Njengengxenye yohlaka lwe-PPRR, ukuhlelwa kwezinhlekelele phakathi nesigaba sokulungela kunikeza ithuba lokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezimpendulo ukuze kuvikelwe impilo nempahla, kanye nokunciphisa imithelela emiphakathini ngaphansi kwendlela okwavunyelwana ngayo ngaphambili, okuhloswe ngayo ukuhlinzeka ngendima ecacile ezinhlanganweni zonke. Izazi zakudala ezifana no-Auf der Heide (1989) zikhuthaza isimiso esibalulekile sokuthi izinhlelo eziphuthumayo kufanele zisekelwe cishe, hhayi kulungile ukuziphatha. Ngokombono wezimo eziphuthumayo zendabuko, kuzobonakala njenge kulungile ukuthi, lapho abantu betshelwa ukuba baphume futhi bashiye abakanye nabo izilwane, bakwenze ngokuthobelana. Nokho, kungaphezu kwalokho cishe ukuthi abanakekeli balezi zilwane lapho bebhekene nokuphuma bangenqaba ukuphuma ngaphandle uma bengathatha izilwane zabo, njengoba kwenzeka kuSiphepho uKatrina (Irvine, 2009) kanye nezinhlekelele ezifana nesigameko senuzi saseFukushima kulandela ukuzamazama komhlaba netsunami yaseJapan yango-2011 (Kajiwara, 2020) ).
Ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zezimo eziphuthumayo ezibandakanya izilwane kusiza ukucacisa izindima nezibopho zamaqembu ngesikhathi senhlekelele. Ukuze kungadali ukuncika futhi kube nzima ukuthuthwa kwezilwane, kubalulekile ukuthi abagadi bezilwane bazibophezele ngenhlalakahle yabo. Lo mthwalo wemfanelo uvame ukufakwa emthethweni, futhi njengoba izinhlekelele zingezona ezemvelo, izibopho zabaqaphi abanjalo aziqedwa ngempela. Kwamanye amazwe noma izifundazwe, kunezibopho ezingeziwe ezingokomthetho zokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezilwane ezichayeke esimweni sezulu esibi esibikezelwe (Glassey, 2018; 2019; 2020b).
Yize kunamamodeli amaningi ahlukene, izinga le-Emergency Management Accreditation Programme (EMAP) ingelinye elivumelana nezimo ukuze lisetshenziswe ekuhleleni izinhlekelele zezilwane kuwo wonke amazinga (kuzwelonke, kusifunda, kundawo). Kusetshenziswa izinga le-EMAP (2019) njengebhentshimakhi, izinhlelo zokuphatha izimo eziphuthumayo kufanele zifake phakathi lokhu okulandelayo:
Ngokungeziwe kumazinga asemqoka angenhla, ukucatshangelwa okuqondene nesilwane kufanele kufake:
Nakuba lesi sahluko singagxili ekulawulweni kwezifo zezilwane, ukucatshangelwa kokuhlela okuvela encwadini ye-Good Emergency Management Practice (GEMP) eshicilelwe yiNhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene (i-FAO) ineseluleko esiwusizo, okuhlanganisa nokukhuthaza ukuthi izinhlelo zezinhlekelele ezihlobene nezilwane zifezekiswe. ingxenye yezinhlelo zokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele kuzwelonke futhi bakwazi ukuthola uxhaso lukahulumeni oluhlobene (2011, p. 18). Lapho amazwe anjenge-United States ephasise uMthetho we-PETS ovikela uxhaso lukahulumeni lwemisebenzi ehambisana nezimo eziphuthumayo zezilwane, naphezu kwemibiko eyethulwa ePhalamende, uhulumeni waseNew Zealand uye waqhubeka nokukhipha ukulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane ekuphenduleni izinhlekelele kazwelonke kanye noxhaso lokubuyisela esimweni esiphuthumayo. izinhlelo (Glassey, 2019).
Inani ezigabeni zokuhlela ngokuvamile akuwona umbhalo wokugcina, kodwa ikakhulukazi inqubo okufanele ibandakanye ababambiqhaza ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwazisa okufanayo ngezingozi, kanye nendlela impendulo edidiyelwe okufanele yenziwe ngayo. Lapho izinhlelo zenziwa zodwa ngokuvamile zigcina ziyi ibhokisi lokumaka ukuzivocavoca, owaziwa nangokuthi uhlushwa "i-paper plan syndrome" (Auf der Heide, 1989).
Izindlela zokuhlela zokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane zisezinsaneni, njengoba ingxenye enkulu kuze kuphasiswe uMthetho we-US PETS ngo-2006, babembalwa abashayeli abalawulayo bokuhlela okunjalo emhlabeni jikelele. Imizamo eminingi yokuhlela igxile ekwamukeleni izindlela ezigxile kumuntu, okunengqondo ngezizathu zokuhambisana, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokunikeza ukufaneleka kwemizamo. Kodwa-ke, amamodeli anjalo okuhlela amukelwayo athuthukiswa futhi alungiselelwa uhlobo olulodwa - abantu, ngaphandle kokubheka ezinye izinhlobo. Kukhona cishe izinhlobo zezilwane eziyi-7,700,000 emhlabeni (Mora et al., 2011) futhi lezi zinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ezingezona ezomuntu zidala izinselele ezengeziwe kubahleli bezinhlekelele zezilwane, okuvame ukwakhiwa amapulani angakwazi ukuhlalisa abasebenzisi bokugcina (abayizilwane), kusukela amagremu ambalwa ukuya kumakhulu amakhilogremu, angakhulumisani futhi angase acashe, abaleke, noma ahlasele. Kungabonakala sengathi ukusiza abantu ezinhlekeleleni kulula uma kuqhathaniswa.
Ngo-2014, iNational Planning Principles for Animals in Disasters (NPPAD) yakhishwa yiNational Advisory Committee for Animals in Emergency futhi yagunyazwa yi-Australia New Zealand Emergency Management Committee (Trigg et al., 2021) .I-NPPAD inikeze izimiso eziyi-8 ze inqubo yokuhlela kanye neminye imigomo eyi-16 okufanele ifakwe ezinhlelweni zangempela. Ngo-2020, kwatholakala ukuthi e-Australia kwakukhona ukuqwashisa okusesilinganisweni kwezimiso kubo bonke ababambiqhaza, kanye nokuqaliswa okuphansi kuya kokumaphakathi kwezimiso (Trigg et al., 2021). Le migomo - nakuba ithuthukiswe ngokuyinhloko e-Australia - ngokuvamile iyasebenza kwamanye amazwe amaningi futhi ingase ibe usizo enqubweni yokuhlela.
Isigaba sokulungela singabandakanya ukudala nokuhlola izinhlelo eziphuthumayo zezindawo zokuhlala zezilwane, imikhankaso yokufundisa umphakathi mayelana nokulungela inhlekelele yezilwane, ukuqeqesha izilwane ukuthi zijwayelane nezinqubo zokuthutha nezokuthutha, ukwenza imikhankaso ye-microchipping, ukubhalisela izinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusengaphambili ngezikhukhula, imililo, kanye okufanayo, nokuqeqeshwa kwabaphenduli benhlekelele yezilwane ngomyalo wesigameko, umlilo wasendle, nokuphepha kwezikhukhula. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi uma kwenzeka inhlekelele, impendulo yokuvikela impilo kanye nempahla ingasebenza ngendlela efanele, okungase kuhlanganise izindawo zokuphuma ezilungele izilwane ezifuywayo, ukukhuliswa kwezilwane eziphuthumayo, ukunakekelwa kwezilwane ezinhlekeleleni, kanye nokuhlenga izilwane.
Imfundo, ukuqeqeshwa, nokuzivocavoca nakho kubalulekile esigabeni sokulungela. Uhlu lwezifundo zokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane nezinhlelo zemfundo lukhula kancane kancane. Ukwabelana ngolwazi kanye nokuxhumana kuyaqhubeka ukusiza ukuthuthukisa lesi siqondiso sochwepheshe abasafufusa kanye nezinkundla ezifana ne-National Alliance for State and Agricultural Emergency Programs (NASAAEP) (Green, 2019, p. 3) kanye neGlobal Animal Disaster Management Conference (GADMC) zenze okuphawulekayo. iminikelo ekukhuthazeni imiphakathi eqinile ehlanganisa izilwane.
Ngokuhambisana nezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokuhlela ezikhona, u-Vieira no-Anthony (2021) bathuthukise izinjongo eziyisithupha zokunakekela izilwane ezinomthwalo wemfanelo okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kuthuthukiswa izinhlelo nezinqubomgomo zokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele ku-Anthropocene. Kuhlanganisa (1) ukusindisa ukuphila nokunciphisa ukulimala; (2) ukuvikela inhlalakahle yezilwane nokuhlonipha okuhlangenwe nakho kwezilwane; (3) ukuqaphela, ukuqaphela, nokukhuthaza ubulungisa bokusabalalisa; (4) ukuthuthukisa ukubandakanyeka komphakathi;
(5) ukunika amandla abanakekeli, abanakekeli, abanikazi, namalungu omphakathi; (6) ukuqinisa ezempilo yomphakathi kanye nobungcweti bomphakathi wezilwane, okuhlanganisa ukuzibandakanya emaqenjini ahlukahlukene kanye nokusebenzisa intuthuko yesayensi. Behlome nge-NPAD yase-Australia, indinganiso ye-EMAP kanye nezinhloso eziyisithupha zokunakekela ezinomthwalo wemfanelo, abahleli bezinhlekelele zezilwane manje banamathuluzi okudala izinhlelo ezisebenzayo.
Nakuba isigaba sokuphendula kuvame ukumenyezelwa kakhulu, sihlala isikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Iwindi lesikhathi lokuhlenga izilwane ngaphambi kokuba zife ngenxa yokulimala, izifo, ukoma, noma indlala ngokuvamile lincane futhi lidinga ukungenelela ngokushesha. Kwezolimo, kuthiwa ukufaka umshwalense kwezilwane kungaholela emiphumeleni yenhlalakahle yezilwane, njengoba ngokuvamile into ebangela inkokhelo ukufa kwezilwane ezinjalo (Sawyer and Huertas, 2018). Kube sekuqala ukuheha ngokwezimali ukuthi abagadi bemfuyo bayivumele ibhubhe. Kodwa-ke, ukubuyiselwa kwemfuyo elandela izinhlekelele kuvame ukutholakala kungasebenzi, okuholela ekulimaleni kwezomnotho kwesikhathi eside kubalimi, futhi kukhona umshayeli wokugqugquzela ukungenelela kusenesikhathi ukuvikela isitokwe esisindile njengendlela engcono kakhulu (Sawyer and Huertas, 2018).
Isibonelo salokhu kungasebenzi kabusha kwempahla kwenzeka eMyanmar ngo-2008, ngemva kweCyclone Nargis, lapho izindawo zalahlekelwa khona kakhulu yinyathi eyayibalulekile ekuvuneni ilayisi. Ngaphandle kwalezi zilwane umhlaba ongcoliswe uzamcolo wawungeke ukhiqize, ngakho kwaqalwa izinyathi ezintsha ezisebenzayo. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlelo lokubuyisela imfuyo lwehlulekile ukubhekana kahle nokucatshangelwa kwempilo yezilwane futhi lwaholela ekwethulweni kwezifo ezintsha kanye nokufa okwengeziwe kwalezo zilwane (Sawyer and Huertas, 2018). "Ukusekelwa okungalungile kwalezi zilwane, ngokuvamile zisebenza kanzima ngemva kwenhlekelele, noma izinhlelo zokubuyisela kabusha ezihlelwe kabi zingenza isimo esibi sibe sibi kakhulu ngokushesha" (Sawyer noHuertas, 2018, p. 7). Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-2000s usizo lokusiza abantu kanye nochwepheshe bezilwane baqala ukucabangisisa ngokuthi ukungenelela kwabo ukuvikela imfuyo kulandela izinhlekelele bekusebenza kahle yini. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni i-Food Aid Organisation yeZizwe Ezihlangene (i-FAO) nezinye izinhlangano zithuthukise futhi zishicilele i-Livestock Emergency Guideline and Standards (LEGS, 2017). Incwadi ye-LEGS inikeza ulwazi olujwayelekile kanye namazinga obuchwepheshe ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga kanye nomthelela wokuziphilisa kwemfuyo. amaphrojekthi ahlobene ezimeni zosizo (LEGS, 2014). Kodwa-ke, i-LEGS igxile ekusizeni imiphakathi emazweni angakathuthukisiwe futhi ayinikezi izindinganiso zokungenelela ezinhlekeleleni ezibandakanya ezinye izilwane ezingezona imfuyo njengezilwane ezihambisana nazo.
Lapho ukuhlengwa kwezilwane kwenziwa khona kuvame ukunqanyulwa phakathi kwamaqembu anentshisekelo yezilwane enza lo msebenzi kanye neziphathimandla zokuhlenga ezigxile kumuntu. Ngokuvamile laba 'bahlengi bezilwane' bangamaqembu azenzakalelayo ngaphandle kwegunya, ukuqeqeshwa noma izinto zokusebenza kanye nalokhu ukugunyazwa wokuhlenga izilwane ivimbela ikakhulukazi lawo maqembu ochwepheshe wokuhlenga inhlekelele yezilwane abazama ukuthola impendulo esemthethweni nehlanganisiwe yenhlekelele yezilwane neyesintu (Glassey, 2021). Ukugunyazwa kokuhlenga izilwane kuchazwa ngokuthi:
Ukusabela okungcono kakhulu kwamaqembu ezithakazelo zezilwane asabela ekusizeni izilwane ezimeni eziphuthumayo noma ezinhlekeleleni ngendlela engaphephile noma engekho emthethweni, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuthi amaqembu ahlenga izilwane eziphuthumayo amukeleke futhi asetshenziswe iziphathimandla nomphakathi esikhathini esizayo. ukungenelela. (Glassey, 2021)
Ngaphandle kwalokho okungase kube nokubeka izimpilo zabantu engcupheni, ukunikezwa amandla kunemiphumela emibi enhlalakahleni yezilwane ngokuqeda ukwethembana phakathi komphakathi osabela ngezilwane nezinhlangano zezinkonzo eziphuthumayo. Ekugcineni, lokhu kulahlekelwa kokwethembana kungase kuholele ekuvikelweni kwezilwane ezinhlekeleleni kuthathwe njengesithiyo esikhundleni sethuba lokuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwabantu nezilwane. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi abantu bazibeka engcupheni yezidingo zezilwane, njengokuphula izintambo ukuze banakekele izilwane zabo noma ukwehluleka ukuphuma uma bengakwazi ukuthatha izilwane zabo (Heath, 1999; Heath et al., 2001; Irvine , 2009; Glassey, 2010; Potts and Gadenne, 2014; Heath and Linnabary, 2015; Taylor et al., 2015).
Ngesikhathi sokusha kwehlathi e-Australia ehlobo lika-2019 no-2020, ukulahlekelwa kwezilwane eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu kwathola ukunakwa komhlaba wonke, kanye nezimpendulo ezivela emaqenjini anentshisekelo yezilwane zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe. Lawa maqembu ahlonza ngokusemthethweni noma ngokungekho emthethweni ngokuthi 'kuhlenga izilwane'; nokho, esimweni sokubhekana nezinhlekelele, lokhu kuyadida futhi kudukisa izinhlangano zezimo eziphuthumayo. Lawa maqembu asebenzisa igama elithi 'ukuhlenga izilwane' kuyilapho kungase kulunge nakakhulu uma 'ukunakekelwa kwezilwane', 'inhlalakahle', noma 'ukubuyisela kabusha' kusetshenziswa. Ukusetshenziswa 'kokuhlenga izilwane' kubukela phansi ukwethembeka kwezinhlangano zezimo eziphuthumayo ezihlenga izilwane, futhi abanye bangase babheke igama elithi 'ukuhlenga' njengokuhlobisa ikhono.
Ngeshwa, ukuntuleka kokuhlelwa kokulawulwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo okubandakanya izilwane kubangela ukuthi amaqembu ezithakazelo zezilwane aphendule ezinhlekeleleni ngaphandle kwegunya elifanelekile, ukuqeqeshwa, noma okokusebenza, njengoba kuphawulwe ngo-Glassey and Anderson (2019) emililo yase-Nelson, eNew Zealand yango-2019. Ngisho nezilwane amaqembu anentshisekelo agxile ekuphenduleni ezinhlekeleleni zezilwane atholwe entula, njengalapho kuqubuka umlilo wasehlobo lapho amavidiyo okukhangisa akhombisa abasebenzi besebenza ngamalangabi nentuthu ebazungezile, futhi bengenazo izinto zokuzivikela eziyisisekelo (Glassey, 2021). Ukugqoka izingubo ezingabambezeli ilangabi, amabhuzu okuvikela, izigqoko zokuzivikela, izibuko, namagilavu kuyisidingo esivamile sokusebenza ezindaweni zokucima umlilo, njengoba - ngisho nezinsuku namaviki ngemva kokuba umlilo udlule - uhlaza kanye nemililo engaphansi komhlaba kuvamile, futhi kudala ingozi abasebenzi okumele bangene noma bawele kuzo. Ingozi yokuwa kwamagatsha nezihlahla ngesikhathi sokusha nangemuva kwayo isalokhu inkulu futhi idinga ukugqokwa omakalabha. Ukusetshenziswa kwamavidiyo noma izithombe ezibonisa amaqembu ezithakazelo zezilwane ezingathobeli izidingo zokuphepha eziyisisekelo kugunyaza ukuhlengwa kwezilwane futhi kunciphisa izinga lokuzethemba nokwethenjwa kwezinhlangano zamasevisi ezimo eziphuthumayo (Glassey, 2021).
Ukunqanyulwa kuhlanganiswe namaqembu ezilwane abeka izindinganiso zawo zokuqeqeshwa, ngokuvamile ezingabonwa izinhlangano zokuphepha zomphakathi. Emisebenzini yosesho nokuhlenga emadolobheni, izimpawu zokusesha ezamukelwa umhlaba wonke ezibekwe ezakhiweni ezibhidlikile noma ezilimele (njengokulandela ukuzamazama komhlaba) ziyehluleka ukuhlanganisa ukuhlenga izilwane, okuholela ekudidekeni lapho amaqembu ahlenga izilwane ebeka owakhe uphawu (Glassey and Thompson, 2020).
Esinye isici sokugunyazwa kokuhlenga izilwane kwenzeka lapho amaqembu ezithakazelo zezilwane ephendula esimeni esiphuthumayo futhi ethi izinkinga zenhlalakahle yezilwane ezikhona ngaphambili zidalwa, noma ezihlobene, nomcimbi. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukuthwebula izithombe zezilwane ezilahlekile edolobheni elimele futhi kusikisele ukuthi isilwane sasidinga ukuhlengwa, lapho ngaleso sikhathi nangaphambi kwenhlekelele, isilwane esilahlekile; noma ukukhombisa izinja ezingenazo izindlwana noma ziboshwe ngamaketanga kulandela izikhukhula, ngesikhathi izinja zikulezi zimo ngaphambi kwesikhukhula. Izikhukhula ezinjalo kungenzeka zidalule lobu buthakathaka, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi bekungeyona imbangela yalokho kukhathazeka ngenhlalakahle yezilwane. Kuphikiswana ngokuthi ukuvimbela kungcono kunokusabela kwangemva komcimbi, futhi amaqembu ezithakazelo zezilwane afuna ukunciphisa ukuba sengozini kwezilwane ezinhlekeleleni angagxila emizamweni yokunciphisa nokuqinisa ingqalasizinda yezempilo yezilwane ebuthakathaka ukuze yenze umthelela osimeme ekuthuthukiseni inhlalakahle yezilwane (Glassey, 2021). Lapho izilwane zihlengwa endaweni ehlaselwe yinhlekelele, uma umgadi engekho, izilwane ezithintekile zivame ukubekwa endaweni yesikhashana. Izinhlekelele ngokwencazelo zidlula umthamo wendawo, ngakho ngokuvamile izikhungo zansuku zonke ezifana nezindawo zokuhlala zezilwane, izindawo zokukhosela ezingabantu, namaphawundi zingase zingatholakali ngenxa yomonakalo noma ukweqiwa komthamo, ingasaphathwa eyokuthi ngokuvamile lezi zinhlangano zingase zinakekele ezazo. izilwane kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo yezinhlekelele. Lapho kungenzeka khona, izinsiza ezikhona kanye nabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo kufanele basetshenziswe njengoba ngokuvamile behlinzeka ngamazinga aphezulu ezenhlalakahle zezilwane kulezo zezindawo zokukhosela zesikhashana, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuphinde kukhuthaze ukusimama komnotho. Kuningi okushintshile kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, njengoba i-United States ihola izindlela eziningi ezintsha zokukhosela izilwane eziphuthumayo. I-Traditional Animal-Only Shelters (AOS) yilezo lapho ukunakekelwa kwezilwane kuwela eqenjini labakhuseli. Iziphephelo Zezilwane Kuphela zingaba ezifanelekile kwezinye izimo, kodwa ngokuvamile azinasimeme lapho kudingeka inani elikhulu labanakekeli, okwenza le ndlela ibe nzima ukukhulisa noma iyiphi inhlekelele yendawo yonke. Kuphinde kwatholakala ukuthi lezi zindawo zokukhosela zibiza ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-25 kunezindawo Zokukhosela Ezihlala Ezihlangene (i-CHS) futhi zibiza ngokuphindwe kahlanu kune-Co-Located Shelters (CLS) (Strain, 2018). Njengoba izilwane zihlukaniswa nabanakekeli bazo Ezindaweni Zokuhlala Zezilwane Kuphela, lokhu kungandisa ukucindezeleka esilwaneni, okungase kukhulise ingozi yezifo. Lapho izilwane ezihambisana nazo zibekwe ndawonye, abaxoshwayo bahlaliswa esakhiweni esiseduze nalapho kuhlaliswe khona izilwane, okuvumela abagadi ukuba banakekele futhi banakekele izilwane zabo ezifuywayo. Lokhu kunikeza isimiso nomuzwa wenhloso futhi kwandisa isikhathi sokusebenzisana komgadi nesilwane. Enye inketho - esanda kuzuza e-US - ukuhlala ndawonye, lapho abantu nezilwane ezihambisana nabo behlala njengeyunithi yomndeni owodwa. Lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekuncipheni kwengcindezi esilwaneni nasebantwini, njengoba izilwane ezifuywayo zivame ukuhlinzeka ngendlela ejwayelekile yokubhekana nesimo sengqondo nenhlalakahle kanye nezilwane zijwayele ukuhlala futhi zithule. Ukuntuleka kokuhlinzeka ngezindawo zokukhosela ezifanele, ezinobungani nezilwane ezifuywayo akuholeli nje kuphela emiphumeleni empofu yenhlalakahle yezilwane, kodwa futhi kungabeka engcupheni ukuphepha kwabantu - ikakhulukazi kulabo abanamathele ngokuqinile ezilwaneni zabo. Lokhu kwaba njalo ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba kweJapan ngo-2011, i-tsunami, kanye nenhlekelele yenuzi, lapho abantu asebekhulile abanesizungu bashiywa bengenandlela yokukhetha ngaphandle kokulala ezimotweni zabo eduze nezindawo zokuphuma ezazingavumeli izilwane, ukuthi zihlale zodwa, zihlaselwe yi-hypothermia endaweni. ebusika, futhi, ngesinye isikhathi, i-Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) evela ezimeni zokulala ezimpintshana nokuhlala (Kajiwara, 2020, p. 66). Ukwamukela ukuthi 'Ukuzondla Endaweni' kungase kube enye indlela yokukhoseliswa kwezilwane eziphuthumayo kwezinye izimo, okubalulekile ukuthi i-Co-Habitated Sheltering iyindinganiso yegolide (Green, 2019, p.
Ukuntuleka kwabathwali bezilwane ezifuywayo kuye kwaxhunyaniswa njengento eyimbangela yokwehluleka ukuphuma (Heath, 1999, p. 209), ikakhulukazi kulabo abanezilwane ezincane eziningi. Manje sekuwumkhuba ojwayelekile ukuthi izinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi ezibhekana nezinhlekelele ezifana ne-Animal Evac New Zealand ziye ezindaweni okungenzeka zidinga ukukhishwa noma ngaphansi kwesaziso sokuphuma futhi zisabalalise abathwali bezilwane ezifuywayo ukuze bathuthukise ukuthobelana nokuphuma. Lokhu kuholela emiphumeleni engcono yokuphepha kwabantu nezilwane (i-Glassey no-Anderson, 2019).
Lapho ibhekene nesidingo sokuthutha, eminye imindeni ingase iphume ngamabomu ukuze ishiye othile ukuze anakekele izilwane zayo, kuyilapho okusele kuhambe ukuze kuphephe (Taylor et al., 2015). Lapho izilwane zishiywe endaweni yenhlekelele ekhishiwe, abaningi bavame ukubuyela ukuze bahlenge noma banakekele izilwane zabo, okungase kubeke bona noma abaphenduli bezokuphepha komphakathi engcupheni, njengokuzamazama komhlaba kwe-2010 Haiti (Sawyer and Huertas, 2018, p. 10) ), ukuzamazama komhlaba kwaseCanterbury (Potts and Gadenne, 2014), kanye nezikhukhula zase-Edgecumbe (Glassey et al., 2020). Kujwayelekile ukuthi abantu babeke engcupheni yokuvikela izilwane zabo noma benze izinto ngendlela evikelekile, njengalapho kuphuma umzila wesitimela i-Weyauwega ngo-1996. Kulandela ukuchezuka kwesitimela esithwele inqwaba yezinto eziyingozi, ilokishi lonke lase-Wisconsin elihlanganisa Imizi engu-1,022 ikhishwe ngokushesha. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, abanikazi bezilwane zasekhaya bazame ukuphula intambo ukuze bahlenge izilwane zabo. Abanikazi abakhungathekile 'bemele izilwane' babe sebeshayela ucingo besabisa ngebhomu esikhungweni sokusebenza kwezimo eziphuthumayo. Lokhu kuholele ekunakeni kwemithombo yezindaba okungekuhle okwabangela ukuthi uMbusi wezwe ayale Unogada Kazwelonke ukuthi bangene nezimoto ezihlomile ukuze basize ekutakuleni amakhulu ezilwane ezifuywayo ezishiywe ngemuva (Irvine, 2009, p. 38).
Ukulahlekelwa yizilwane ezingabangane ikakhulukazi kungaba nomthelela omubi empilweni yengqondo. Hunt et al. (2008) bathola ukuthi abasinde eSiphepho u-Katrina babesengozini yokubhekana nezinkinga zangemuva kokulahlekelwa isilwane esihamba nabo njengoba kwenzeka ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ikhaya. Izinhlekelele zingaphinde ziveze okubi kakhulu esintwini futhi zidale amathuba okuxhaphaza labo abasengozini emphakathini ngabantu, njengokuthi abahlinzeki benhlekelele abasebenzisa isimo sesiphithiphithi ukuthutha izingane ezingaphelezelwa muntu (Montgomery, 2011). Izilwane nazo zingaba sengozini yokuhlukunyezwa okufanayo njengoba kubonwe kuSiphepho i-Harvey ngemibiko yokuthi inhlekelele futhi ukuqoqwa kwenhlekelele, lokhu okubandakanya abagcini bezilwane abasebenzise inhlekelele njengethuba lokuphinda bagcine imfuyo yabo (Glassey, 2018).
Ngisho njengoba isigaba sokuphendula siqala, kufanele kanjalo nokuhlela kokuqala kwesigaba sokubuyisela. Ukubuyisela kungabuye kuchazwe njengokuvuselelwa komphakathi, futhi lesi sigaba sidinga futhi ukucabangela izilwane kanye nenhlalakahle yazo. Lokhu kuvame ukubandakanya ukuhlinzekwa kwezindawo zokuhlala eziqashisayo ezilungele izilwane, ukuhlanganisa izilwane ezisusiwe, nokubuyiselwa kwezinsiza zezilwane nezenhlalakahle. Ukubuyisela kufanele yakha emuva kangcono, kanye nencazelo yeZizwe Ezihlangene, egxile kumuntu, ichazwa ngokuthi:
Ukusetshenziswa kwezigaba zokuvuselela, ukuvuselela kanye nokwakha kabusha ngemva kwenhlekelele ukuze kwandiswe amandla ezizwe nemiphakathi ngokuhlanganisa izindlela zokunciphisa izinhlekelele ekubuyiselweni kwengqalasizinda ebonakalayo nezinhlelo zomphakathi, nasekuvuseleleni izindlela zokuziphilisa, umnotho kanye nemvelo. (Ihhovisi leZizwe Ezihlangene Lokunciphisa Izinhlekelele, I-2020b)
Ukuntuleka kwendawo yokuhlala yangemuva kwenhlekelele, indawo yokuhlala enobungani nezilwane ezifuywayo bekulokhu kukhonjwa njengodaba, kusuka eHaiti lapho, kulandela ukuzamazama komhlaba kwango-2010, abantu abafudukele ezindaweni zabo emakamu amatende abakwazanga ukuba nezilwane ezikanye nabo (Sawyer and Huertas, 2018, p. 10), kulabo ababuyele ezindaweni ezingafakwanga ngemisebe eduze kwaseFukushima ukuze banakekele izilwane zabo ngasese, noma ababelele ezimotweni zabo ngaphansi kwezimo ezibandayo zasebusika nezilwane zabo, njengoba izilwane bezingavunyelwe ezindaweni zokukhosela zesikhashana (Kajiwara, 2020). Ngokufanayo, e-Christchurch kulandela ukuzamazama komhlaba kwango-2011 eCanterbury, indawo yokuhlala enezilwane ezifuywayo yaba yindlala kakhulu, kwaphoqa abanikazi ukuthi balahle izilwane zabo, okubangele ukucindezeleka okukhulu kubantu nasezilwaneni (Potts and Gadenne, 2014).
Imithelela ecindezelayo kubantu nasezilwaneni ngesikhathi senhlekelele nangemuva kwayo ingabekezelelwa izinyanga. Labo bantu abasabela ekusizeni izilwane ezikhahlanyezwe yizinhlekelele, kusukela kubahlengikazi bokuzithandela kuya kodokotela bezilwane abaqeqeshiwe, abavikelekile emithelela yokuchayeka ekuhlangenwe nakho okudabukisayo okuvame ukutholakala enhlekeleleni. Ocwaningweni lomhlaba wonke lwabaphenduli bezinhlekelele bezilwane, kutholwe ukuthi ama-51% akhombisa izinkinga zezempilo zokuziphatha ngesikhathi sokuphendula kwabo futhi kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyisi-6 ngemuva kwalokho (Vroegindewey noKertis, 2021). Kubalulekile kunoma ubani ocabanga ukuhileleka ekuphenduleni izinhlekelele zezilwane ukuba afinyelele ukuqeqeshwa kosizo lokuqala lwezengqondo kanye nezinsiza.
Isigaba sokutakula kufanele futhi sifake inqubo yokucabanga ngempendulo, ngisho nangokululama. Ngokujwayelekile kulandela impendulo, i-After Action Report (AAR) ibhalwa kulandela izingxoxo zezinhlangano ezihililekile ekuphenduleni. I-AAR iyisinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile enqubweni yokuphatha izifundo, ehlose ukuthuthukisa hhayi kuphela izimpendulo ezilandelayo, kodwa ukuthuthukiswa kwezigaba ezibanzi zokuphatha izimo eziphuthumayo. Kakhulu, ama-AAR awaphoqelekile, futhi nefomethi, okuqukethwe, nokusatshalaliswa. Nakuba ama-AAR ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izimpendulo ezilandelayo, okufanele kuholele ekuphepheni okungcono komphakathi kanye nemiphumela yenhlalakahle yezilwane, awavamile ukuhlanganyela, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokwesaba ukushiyeka okuletha ihlazo lezombangazwe noma ukulimala kwesithunzi.
Izifundo ezihlonzwe kuma-AAR ngeshwa azivamile ukufundwa. Ucwaningo olwenziwa ngu-Glassey et al. (2020) bathole ukuthi yi-7% kuphela yezifundo ezisebenzayo ezifundiwe kumongo wokusabela kwenhlekelele yezilwane ezivela kuZamcolo wase-Edgecumbe ka-2017, kuya ku-Nelson Fires ka-2019. Ukuhlaziywa okuqhathanisayo kwama-AAR kuzo zombili lezi zenzakalo kuthole ukuthi izinkinga ezivamile ezihlobene nokuqeqeshwa, amandla, umthetho, inqubomgomo, ukuhlela, ukuphathwa kolwazi, nokuphathwa kwezigameko, zaphindwa, futhi izifundo zibonakala zingafundiwe. Ukucabanga ukuthi izifundo ezitholakala ezinhlekeleleni zangaphambili kudinga ukuhlolisiswa.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe inhlalakahle yezilwane ezinhlekeleleni, kudingeka umsebenzi omningi. Okokuqala, ukunciphisa ukuba sengozini kwezilwane ezingozini kufanele kube yinto ehamba phambili. Njengengxenye yendlela ebanzi yokuphatha izimo eziphuthumayo, izinhlaka zokudala ukusimama komphakathi okubandakanya izilwane kumele zibandakanye imithetho nezinqubomgomo ezisekelwe ebufakazini. Lezo zinhlaka zidinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abanakekeli banesibopho esiyinhloko senhlalakahle yezilwane ezinhlekeleleni, kodwa futhi kufanele zihlinzekele ukuqapha nokusebenza kukahulumeni kanye nezinhlangano ezibambisene nazo eziqhuba futhi zixhumanise ukulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane. Okwamanje alukho uhlelo lokuqhathanisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlaka zokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane emazweni wonke. Kutuswa ukuthi Inkomba Yokuvikelwa Kwezilwane (Ukuvikelwa Kwezilwane Komhlaba, 2020) ibuyekezwe ukuze ifake inkomba yokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane, noma inkomba yomhlaba wonke yokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane ithuthukiswe ngendlela efanayo neyeNational Capabilities for Animal Response in Emergency (NCARE) njengoba ithuthukisiwe. yi-American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Spain et al., 2017). Imithetho eyisibonelo yokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane kufanele futhi ithuthukiswe futhi ibhekwe njengengxenye yezinkomba ezibuyekeziwe noma ezintsha. Ezinye izinhlaka ezifana ne- Izizinda Ezinhlanu (Mellor, 2017) bangazuza ocwaningweni olwengeziwe mayelana nesicelo sabo sokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane.
Kudingeka futhi kube nomzamo omkhulu wokuhlanganisa ukulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane, kungabi “yinkinga yezilwane”. Izindlela ze-One Health - One Welfare zinikeza amathuba okuxhumanisa inhlalakahle yezilwane neyomuntu, kanye nokusimama kwemvelo, konke esimweni sokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele futhi ngokuhambisana nezinhlaka zamazwe ngamazwe zokunciphisa izinhlekelele ezifana ne-Sendai Framework (Dalla Villa et al., 2020) .Travers et al. (2021) futhi inikeze izincomo zokuthuthukisa ukuxhumana phakathi kweMpilo Eyodwa kanye nokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane, okuhlanganisa: izigaba ezinhlanu ezehlukene zokusebenza: (i) ukuhlanganisa izilwane ezifuywayo ezenzweni zokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele kanye nenqubomgomo; (ii) adale izindawo ezilungele izilwane ezifuywayo kanye nezinqubomgomo ezihlobene; (iii) ibandakanye izinyathelo zomphakathi ezinhlelweni zokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele; (iv) ukuthuthukisa amakhono omuntu siqu ngokubandakanya abanikazi ekwakhiweni kwamakhono kanye (v) nokuqondisa kabusha izinsiza zezempilo nezimo eziphuthumayo zibe sendleleni engaphezu kweyomuntu.
Mhlawumbe impendulo isungula ipharadigm ethi 'One Rescue' eqaphela izinzuzo namathuba okuphepha komphakathi lapho izilwane zihlanganiswa ekuhlelweni kwezinhlekelele yiziphathimandla ezigxile kumuntu, njengokuba nezinsizakalo zomlilo nezokutakula zixhumanisa ukusabela kwenhlekelele yezilwane ukuze kuqinisekiswe indlela ehlanganisiwe, ukugwema ukuphindwaphindwa kwemizamo, kanye nokwenyuka kwamandla kubaphenduli benhlekelele yezilwane abaqeqeshiwe nabahlomile, basebenze ngempumelelo njengabaphindaphindi amandla. Le ndlela ibeka ukuvikelwa kwezilwane hhayi njengokucabanga ngemva kwenhlekelele, kodwa umsebenzi oyinhloko ozoholela emiphumeleni engcono yokuphepha kwabantu nezilwane. Lolu shintsho luzodinga futhi ukuthi labo abavela ohlangothini 'lwezilwane' basukume futhi bathole ukwethembeka okwengeziwe emsebenzini wokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele, ngokuphothula ukuqeqeshwa kokulawulwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo, iziqu, kanye nemininingwane efana ne-Certified Emergency Manager (CEM®) ukuze kwezele inhlalakahle yezilwane. noma izizinda zezilwane. Ngokunjalo, labo 'abasohlangothini lokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele' olugxile kumuntu badinga ukuqonda kangcono ukubaluleka nezinzuzo zokufaka izilwane ezinhlelweni zenhlekelele, ngokuthuthukiswa kochwepheshe njengezifundo ze-World Animal Protection's PrepVet kanye nezifundo ze-FEMA Independent Study mayelana nomngane wezilwane kanye nemfuyo yokuhlela izimo eziphuthumayo. .
Izigidi zezilwane zithinteka enhlekeleleni minyaka yonke futhi lokhu kuzoqhubeka nokukhula njengoba abantu benza izinqumo ezikhulisa ubungozi bezilwane ezinjalo ezingozini ezikhulayo, ezibhebhezelwa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukuqiniswa kokufuywa kwezilwane, ukufudukela emadolobheni, ingqalasizinda yezempilo yezilwane ebuthakathaka, kanye nezinhlelo ezingezinhle zokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane. Uma nje umphakathi wehluleka ukwenza ngcono isimo esikhona sokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane, akukhona nje ukuthi inhlalakahle yezilwane isengcupheni, kodwa ukuphepha, ukuphila kahle, kanye nempilo yabantu nakho kusengozini. Ukunciphisa le mithelela, umzamo ohlangene wokuhlanganisa kangcono izinhlelo zokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zezilwane nezabantu, kanye nezindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokuziphendulela kuwo wonke amazinga, kuyadingeka. Cishe izinhlobo eziyizigidi eziyisishiyagalombili emhlabeni wonke zincike kubantu ukuthi babe nekhampasi yokuziphatha ukuze bakhuphuke futhi babhekane nalezi zingozi, futhi isenzo esinjalo ngeke size maduzane.
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Okunye okushicilelwe ngumbhali kuyatholakala nge Isango Lokucwaninga.
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Isifundo esiqinisekisiwe esihambisana naso I-Animal Emergency Management Basics is kuyatholakala online.
