E latelang ke khaolo ea Taolo ea Likoluoa tsa Liphoofolo (Ch. 25) ka setsebi se tsebahalang sa machaba Steve Glassey, ho tloha Routledge Handbook on Animal Welfare (2022). Phihlelo ena e bulehileng khaolo ea buka e boetse e fumaneha ho download.
Sebelisa konopo ea ho fetolela e hukung e kaholimo ho le letona ho sheba ka lipuo tse fetang 60.
Libuka tse khothalelitsoeng khaolong ena ea buka:
Glassey, S. (2022). Tsamaiso ea Likoluoa tsa Liphoofolo. Ho A. Knight, C. Phillips, & P. Sparks (Eds.), Routledge Handbook on Animal Welfare (Mokhahlelo oa 1, leqepheng la 336-350). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003182351
Mello ea Australia ea Lehlabula le Letšo ea 2019-2020 e bolaileng liphoofolo tse fetang limilione tse likete tse tharo (World Wildlife Fund, 2020) e bile khopotso e matla ea likotsi tseo batho re khethang ho li etsa. Likoluoa hase tsa tlhaho, ebile hase ketsahalo. Ke ts'ebetso e entsoeng le ho sebelisoa ke batho le likhetho tsa bona (Kelman, 2020, p. 15). Litlhaloso tsa hore na koluoa e bakoa ke eng hape e atisa ho ba anthropomorphic 'me e hlōleha ho lemoha liphoofolo ho latela mantsoe a tsona, hangata li tlosa lintho tse nang le maikutlo a kang liphello tsa tikoloho kapa tahlehelo ea thepa. Batho ba ntse ba eketseha ho ba kotsing ea likotsi tsa tlhaho tse kang likhohola, lifefo, komello le mollo, 'me keketseho ena e amana haholo le ho ata ha litoropo, ho eketseha ha baahi le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo (Haddow et al., 2017). Leha ho le joalo, liphoofolo li ntse li hlaseleha habonolo haholoanyane likotsing tsena, hape ka ho matlafatsoa ha temo, ho lahleheloa ke sebaka sa tlhaho sa tlhaho, le ho hlōleha ha mekhoa ea bophelo ea liphoofolo hape ka lebaka la liketso tsa batho. Ke batho feela le hoja ba e-na le tšusumetso, matla, le matlotlo a sa tšoaneng ba ka fokotsang likotsi tsena. Ho se leka-lekane hona ho beha boikarabelo ba boitšoaro ho batho ho nka khato ho sireletsa liphoofolo liphellong tsa likoluoa tseo li li bakileng.
Le hoja ka linako tse ling li sebelisoa ka mokhoa o fapaneng ke batho feela, maemo a tšohanyetso le likoluoa li fapane haholo. Boemo ba tšohanyetso ke ketsahalo e sokelang bophelo kapa thepa, athe koluoa ke boemo ba tšohanyetso bo fetang matla a teng 'me bo hloka thuso ea kantle. E le ho qoba pherekano le meriana ea tšohanyetso ea bongaka ba liphoofolo, tsamaiso ea likoluoa ea liphoofolo e utloisisoa habonolo ha ho kopane le batho ba bangata ba tsoang ho lingaka tsa liphoofolo ho ea ho batsamaisi ba likoluoa. Sepheo sa taolo ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo ke ho theha metse e kenyeletsang liphoofolo, e tsitsitseng.
E ’ngoe ea mehlala ea pele-pele ea ho sireletsoa ha liphoofolo tlokotsing e ka fumanoa paleng ea Bibele ea Moroallo oa Noe, moo Noe le lelapa la hae ba ileng ba pholosoa ke Molimo moroallong oa tlokotsi ka mor’a hore ba laeloe hore ba hahe Areka eo ba tla lula ho eona le tse peli ho tse ling le tse ling. mofuta oa phoofolo (New International Version 2011, Genese 7). Le hoja saense le bolumeli li ka 'na tsa se ke tsa lumellana ka boteng ba Areka e joalo, bohlokoa ba setso ba hore mefuta eo e seng ea batho ke ea bohlokoa bophelong ba batho ka har'a litemana tsa bolumeli. hlokomolohiloe.
Ho hakanngoa hore liphoofolo tse fetang limilione tse 40 li angoa ke likoluoa selemo le selemo, 'me palo ena e eketseha ho Anthropocene (Sawyer le Huertas, 2018, p. 2). Leha ho le joalo, genesis ea tsamaiso ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo mehleng ea kajeno e bakoa haholo ke lithuto le liphetoho tse latelang Leholiotsoana Katrina. Ka August 2005, Leholiotsoana Katrina le ile la hlasela Gulf Coast ea United States of America. Ka mor'a eona, e siile US $ 110 limilione tse likete e le tšenyo 'me batho ba 1,836 ba shoele, e leng koluoa ea boraro e bolaeang ka ho fetisisa historing ea US. Koluoa ena e boetse e totobalitse bohlokoa ba ho tsamaisana le taolo ea maemo a tšohanyetso ea liphoofolo, 'me liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng tse fetang 50,000 li siiloe nakong ea ho ntšoa New Orleans, mme 80-90% ea liphoofolo tsena tsa lapeng li timela. Seo ho neng ho lebeletsoe hore se tla fela ka mor'a matsatsi a 'maloa se ile sa fetoha koluoa 'me sa baka ts'ebetso e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea pholoso ea liphoofolo historing ea US - ts'ebetso e ileng ea pholosa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng tse ka bang 15,000, tse tšehetsoeng ke baithaopi ba ka bang 5,000. Pele ho 2005, e ne e le leano la Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) hore liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng li siuoe nakong ea ho falla. Hona joale sena se fetotsoe ka ho felletseng ka ho tsebahatsoa ha Molao oa Melawana ea Tlhatlhobo ea Liphoofolo le Lipalangoang (PETS). Taba e le 'ngoe e matla ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa liofisiri tsa ts'ireletso ea sechaba ho ithuta ho Leholiotsoana Katrina ke hore hoo e ka bang 44% ea batho ba sa kang ba baleha ba ile ba lula, bonyane karolo e itseng, hobane ba ne ba sa batle ho siea liphoofolo tsa bona tse ruuoang lapeng (Fritz Institute, 2006). Ka 'nete, Heath le Linnabary (2015) ba tiisa taba ena ka ho re:
Ha ho na ntho e 'ngoe e tlatsetsang ho hloleheng ha batho ho falla likoluoeng tse tlas'a taolo ea tsamaiso ea tšohanyetso ha tšoso e le haufi le ho ba le liphoofolo tsa lapeng. Baokameli ba maemo a tšohanyetso ba ka nka monyetla oa tlamo eo batho ba nang le eona le liphoofolo tsa bona ho kenya boitšoaro bo nepahetseng har'a beng ba liphoofolo tsa lapeng likoluoeng.
Tlamahano ea batho le liphoofolo e bile sepheo sa mantlha sa taolo ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo, hangata ba sebelisa liketsahalo tse tlalehiloeng hantle tsa batho ba ipeha kotsing bakeng sa liphoofolo, e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le mathata a boiketlo ba liphoofolo ka paradigm ea 'ho pholosa bophelo ba liphoofolo, ho pholosa batho. bophelo'. 'Me sena ke' nete ka ho khetheha ho metsoalle le liphoofolo tsa tšebeletso tse ruile molemo ka ho fetisisa mabapi le liphetoho tsa taolo ho li sireletsa liphellong tsa likoluoa, ho sa tsotellehe hore ke tsona tse fokolang ka ho fetisisa, kaha tlhokomelo ea batho e ba fa tšireletso. Ke liphoofolo tse se nang, kapa tse se nang letho ho tsona, maqhama a batho le liphoofolo, joalo ka liphoofolo tse hlaha le tse sebelisoang hampe bakeng sa ho jeoa, tse fuoang tšireletso e fokolang, e leng se etsang hore li be kotsing e kholo ea litlamorao tsa koluoa. Sechaba ka kakaretso se beha liphoofolo ka mokhoa oa sociozoologic, o arolang liphoofolo ka sebopeho sa moelelo o li lumellang ho hlalosa, ho matlafatsa, le ho lokafatsa likamano tsa bona le libōpuoa tse ling (Irvine, 2009,
Kaho ena ea sekala sa sociozoological e fana ka boima bo eketsehileng kutloisisong ea hore likoluoa ha se tsa tlhaho; li bonahatsoa ke batho, ho lekanyetsa hore na ke mefuta efe ea liphoofolo eo e seng ea bohlokoa ho feta e meng, kahoo e etsa hore liphoofolo tse ling li hlaselehe habonolo ho feta tse ling. Batho ke bona ba ikarabellang haholo bakeng sa ho etsa hore liphoofolo li be kotsing ea tlokotsi, empa ho fapana le batho, liphoofolo hangata ha li na boikhethelo mabapi le ho haha kapa ho pepeseha bofokoli ba tsona bo feteletseng. Kotsi ena e ka mpefatsoa ke lisebelisoa tse fokolang tsa bophelo bo botle ba liphoofolo tse nkoang e le sesosa sa likoluoa tsa liphoofolo (Heath le Linnabary, 2015), hammoho le tse ling tse ngata tse rarahaneng. mathata a khopo ka har'a leano la sechaba le maemo a moralo (Glassey, 2020a). Esita le boemo ba molao ba liphoofolo bo ka tlatsetsa ho eketseheng ha tsona kotsing ea liphello tsa koluoa. Li nkoa e le thepa, liphoofolo li etsoa "ka tlase ho batho ka molao" 'me ka hona "hangata li fuoa maemo a tlaase a ho arabela mehatong ea tšohanyetso" (Best, 2021) .Nnete ea melao ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo ke hore hangata ha e amane le maikutlo kapa boiketlo ba sechaba. tsa liphoofolo; bakhanni ba melao e joalo ba tsepamisitse maikutlo haholo ho sireletsa batho ka ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ho falla ha batho le ho thibela batho ho khutlela libakeng tse kotsi tsa likoluoa ho pholosa liphoofolo, haholo-holo liphoofolo tse tsamaeang le bona.
Ka lebaka la phello ea boiketlo ba batho le tikoloho e bakoang ke liphoofolo tse anngoeng ke likoluoa le maemo a tšohanyetso, ho buuoa ka nako e fetileng mabapi le "tsamaiso ea maemo a tšohanyetso ea boiketlo ba liphoofolo" ke mebuso e meng morerong oa eona oa tšohanyetso e hlōleha ho lemoha likamano tsena 'me e khahlanong le ho etsa liphoofolo. e le ntho e ka sehloohong phokotsong ea likoluoa, ka har'a tikoloho ea One Health kapa One Welfare.
Ka har'a mosebetsi oa tsamaiso ea tšohanyetso (e tsejoang hape e le tsamaiso ea likoluoa), mokhoa oa ho potoloha bophelo o nkoa ho fokotsa likotsi, ho lokisetsa liphello tsa likotsi tse setseng (kotsi e setseng ka mor'a hore ho sebelisoe taolo ea ho fokotsa likotsi), ho arabela likoluoa ho sireletsa bophelo. le thepa, le ho tšehetsa sechaba se amehileng hore se hlaphoheloe. Tsena ka tloaelo li tsejoa e le mekhahlelo e mene ea taolo e felletseng ea likoluoa (Haddow, 2011, leq. 9), leha linaha tse ling tse kang New Zealand li bua ka mekhahlelo ena e le Phokotso, Boitokisetso, Karabelo le Pholiso ka ho latellana (Glassey le Thompson, 2020) .
Ka har'a maemo a taolo ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo, mohato oa thibelo o kenyelletsa ho felisa kotsi kapa ho e fokotsa ho isa boemong bo amohelehang, joalo ka ho thibela temo e matla kapa bonyane ho fokotsa likotsi tse amanang le tsona, joalo ka ho se hahe lits'ebeletso tsa bolulo ba liphoofolo libakeng tsa likhohola. Mehato e meng ea phokotso e kenyelletsa ho ts'oara ha litšisinyeho tsa liphoofolo libakeng tse atisang ho ba le litšisinyeho tsa lefatše (joalo ka New Zealand), le ho kenya lits'ebetso tsa ho thibela mollo le ho ba teng ha metsi bakeng sa ho tima mollo, ho bolela tse 'maloa feela. Leha ho le joalo, hangata ho na le kotsi e setseng ho sa tsotellehe mekhoa ena ea phekolo e sebelisoang, 'me ka hona ho hlokahala hore ho lokisetsoe ketsahalo ea kotsi.
Mesebetsi ea thibelo e ka atoloha ho fihlela ho fetisoa ha melao ho fana ka tšireletso hamolemo ho liphoofolo ho qoba ho pepesehela likotsi tsa likoluoa pele. Naheng ea Texas, tlas'a Karolo ea 821.077 ea Khoutu ea Bophelo le Tšireletseho, ha ho molaong ho thibela ntja ka ntle le e sa hlokomeloe nakong ea boemo ba leholimo bo matla kapa ha litemoso tse joalo tsa boemo ba leholimo li fanoe (State of Texas, 2007). Le hoja liphoofolo tse tsamaeang le tsona li le kotsing e fokolang ho feta liphoofolo tse hapuoeng, hangata lintja le likatse li fumana maemo a phahameng a tšireletso ea molao. Hape, sena se bontša hore liphoofolo li ka 'na tsa khethoa ka kamano ea tsona le batho, ho e-na le ho ba kotsing ea tsona feela. Liphoofolo tse ruuoang haholo joalo ka likolobe le likhoho li kotsing e kholo ea litlamorao tsa koluoa. Hangata meaho ena e hahiloe libakeng tse hole le tse kotsi, e leng se etsang hore mobu o se ke oa turu, ka hona ho lumeloa hore ho na le chelete e ngata ho sebetsa khoebo ho eona. Melao ea lehae e ka sebelisoa ho thibela ho aha kapa ho sebetsa ha mapolasi a matla libakeng tsa likhohola, haholo-holo ho felisa kotsi ea likhohola ho liphoofolo tsena. Ka 1999, Leholiotsoana Floyd le ile la senya likarolo tsa North Carolina. Hoo e ka bang likhoho tse limilione tse 2.8, likolobe tse 30,500, likhomo tse 2,000 le lipere tse 250 li khangoa ke metsi nakong ea koluoa ena (Green, 2019, p. 2). Tšisinyeho ea lefatše ea Canterbury ea 2020, likhoho tse fetang 20,000 li ile tsa shoa kapa tsa senngoa ha litsamaiso tsa tsona tsa polokelo li putlama (Glassey le Wilson, 2011).
Liphoofolo tsa laboratori ha li nkoe ka seoelo tsamaisong ea likoluoa 'me ho na le lipatlisiso tse fokolang sebakeng sena. Liphoofolo tsena li lula li koaletsoe ka har'a mekotla, hangata li itšetlehile ka ho feletseng ka lijo tse itšebetsang, ho nosetsa, le taolo ea tikoloho bakeng sa ho phela, 'me ha mekhoa ena e hlōleha, boiketlo ba bona bo ka senyeha haholo. Ka 2006, jenereithara e ile ea hlōleha Univesithing ea Ohio, 'me ha motlakase o tsosolosoa o ile oa tsosa tsamaiso ea ho futhumatsa le mocheso o fihla ho 105ºF (40.5ºC). Ho ile ha shoa liphoofolo tse ka bang 700 (Irvine, 2009, leq. 85). Leha bahlahisi ba bang ba ka bona mehato ea phokotso joalo ka ho tima mollo o itirisang, lits'ebetso tsa ho kenya moea le ho ts'oara litšisinyeho tsa lefatše e le theko e boima, phokotso ea likoluoa e etsa hore moruo o be le kelello. Ho ea ka Machaba a Kopaneng, dollar e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tseteletsoeng ho fokotsa kotsi le thibelo e ka boloka ho fihlela ho lidolara tsa 15 ho hlaphoheloa ka mor'a koluoa (Ofisi ea Machaba a Kopaneng ea Phokotso ea Likotsi, 2020a).
Liphoofolo tsa liphoofolo le aquaria le tsona li anngoe ke likoluoa 'me hangata li hlokomolohuoa, ka litlhoko tsa moralo oa tšohanyetso hangata li tsepamisitse maikutlo tahlehelong ea liphoofolo tse kotsi le ho sireletsa sechaba, ho fapana le litlamorao tse mpe tsa boiketlo ba liphoofolo ho liphoofolo tsa bona tse botlamuoeng, na le. Ka 2002, Prague Zoo e ile ea tlala metsi e lebisang ho bolaeng liphoofolo tse fetang 150 (Irvine, 2009, leq. 124), 'me nakong ea Afghanistan ka mor'a ntoa ea 2001, liphoofolo tsa Kabul Zoo li ile tsa siuoa li se na tlhokomelo le tlhokomelo e lekaneng, ho siea ba bangata ba timela ke tlala le maemo a latelang a thata a mariha (Sawyer le Huertas, 2018, p. 51).
Ha mabotho a US le a kopanelo a tloha Afghanistan ka Phato 2021, Kabul, ho kenyeletsoa le zoo ea masepala, e ile ea oela tlas'a taolo ea Taliban. Mokhatlo oa Asia bakeng sa Liphoofolo (AFA) o tlaleha hore ha ho phoofolo e lemetseng le hore Taliban e ne e netefatsa hore zoo e tsoela pele ho sebetsa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng (AFA, 2021). Ha ho hlake hore na ts'ireletso e tsoelang pele ea liphoofolo tsena tsa zoo e ne e le qeto e hlokolosi ea Taliban, hore na ke thuto ho tsoa nakong ea ntoa ea 2001, kapa karolo ea bona. lipelo le likelello lets'olo la ho batla mokhoa o mocha, o fetotsoeng, le o nang le botho ho feta oa puso. Mathata a liphoofolo nakong ea ha United States e ne e ikhula, a ile a hapa tlhokomelo ea lefatše ’me a baka mohoo ha ho thoe mabotho a Amerika a siile lintja tsa ’ona tsa sesole, tseo hamorao ho ileng ha fumanoa li fosahetse. Liphoofolo tse nkiloeng ka har'a mabokose a lifofane Boema-fofane ba Machaba ba Hamid Karzai ha e le hantle e ne e le lintja tse tsoang Kabul Small Animal Rescue tse neng li tšepile ho ntša liphoofolo tsena le basebetsi ba tsona (DefenseOne, 2021). Boitšoaro ba sechaba bo boetse bo atlehile ho hatella mmuso oa United Kingdom hore o lumelle Pen Farthing - eo e kileng ea e-ba Sesole sa Metsing sa Borithane se neng se sebetsa setsing sa tšireletso sa liphoofolo sa Nowzad se Kabul - ho leleka lintja le likatse tse ngata ho ea UK ka sefofane se hiriloeng ka lekunutu (Washington Post, 2021). Farthing o ile a nyatsoa ke baetapele ba mmuso ho kenyeletsoa Mongoli oa Ts'ireletso oa Borithane Ben Wallace ka ho thoe o beha bophelo ba liphoofolo ka pele ho batho (Washington Post, 2021).
ha Aquarium ea Amerika lahleheloa ke bekapo jenereithara matla nakong ea Leholiotsoana Katrina, holim'a 10,000 litlhapi suffocated (Irvine, 2009, leq. 13). Ho ba le meaho e tsitsitseng ke senotlolo sa ho phela ha liphoofolo tse botlamuoeng tse itšetlehileng ka mekhoa e ikemetseng ea tikoloho, ea ho fepa le ea ho nosetsa. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ts'isinyeho ea lefats'e ea Christchurch ea 2011, Southern Experience Aquarium e ile ea e-ba le tšenyo e ke keng ea lokisoa, 'me ho sa tsotellehe boiteko ba pholoso palo e sa boleloang ea litlhapi e ile ea bolaoa ka lebaka la boleng bo bobe ba metsi le ho hlōleha ha jenereithara (Potts and Gadenne, 2014, p. 217).
Liphoofolo tse ratoang ke batho hore li pholohe ke tsona tse kotsing ea ho hlaseloa ke likoluoa 'me tse isoang ka ntle ka leoatleng ha li fapane. Ka 2019, mojari oa liphoofolo Mofumahali Hind e qopisitsoe le linku tse fetang 14,000 13,820 tse neng li le ka sekepeng tse neng li il’o hlajoa. Maemo a ka sekepeng pele ho phethoha a ne a patisane. Ho sa tsotellehe boiteko ba litsebi tsa pholoso ea liphoofolo tse tsoang ho Four Paws le Animal Rescue and Care Association (ARCA) ea Romania, linku tse fetang 2021 li ile tsa khangoa ke metsi kapa tsa shoa ka lebaka la ho phethoha ha metsi. Hamorao ho ile ha fumaneha hore sekepe se ne se na le mekato ea lekunutu e ka beng e tlatselitse ho phalleng, mme seo se ile sa ama botsitso ba sekepe (Zee, XNUMX). Thibelo ea ho rekisa lintho ka ntle ho naha e ka be e ile ea thibela koluoa ena e bakiloeng ke batho.
E le karolo ea moralo oa PPRR, moralo oa likoluoa ka har'a mohato oa boitokiso o fana ka monyetla oa ho ntlafatsa katleho ea karabelo ho sireletsa bophelo le thepa, hammoho le ho fokotsa liphello tsa sechaba tlas'a mokhoa o reriloeng esale pele, oo sepheo sa oona e leng ho fana ka tlhaloso ea karolo ho pholletsa le mekhatlo. Litsebi tsa khale tse kang Auf der Heide (1989) li khothalletsa molao-motheo oa hore merero ea tšohanyetso e lokela ho thehoa holim'a mohlomong, ha ho joalo E nepahetse boitsoaro. Ho latela pono ea litšebeletso tsa tšohanyetso tsa moetlo, e ne e tla bonoa e le E nepahetse hore, ha batho ba bolelloa hore ba falle ’me ba siee liphoofolo tsa habo bona, ba etse joalo ka tumellano. Leha ho le joalo, ho feta moo mohlomong hore bahlokomeli ba liphoofolo tsena ha ba tobane le phalliso ba ka hana ho baleha ntle le haeba ba ka nka liphoofolo tsa bona, joalo ka ha ba e-na le phihlelo ho Leholiotsoana Katrina (Irvine, 2009) le likoluoa tse kang ketsahalo ea nyutlelie ea Fukushima ka mor'a tšisinyeho ea lefatše ea Japane le tsunami ea 2011 (Kajiwara, 2020) ).
Ho theha merero ea tšohanyetso e kenyeletsang liphoofolo ho thusa ho hlakisa mesebetsi le boikarabelo ba lihlopha nakong ea koluoa. E le hore re seke ra theha ts'epo le ho rarahana ha tsamaiso ea phalliso, ho bohlokoa hore bahlokomeli ba liphoofolo ba nke boikarabello bakeng sa boiketlo ba bona. Boikarabello bona hangata bo kenyelelitsoe molaong, ’me kaha likoluoa e se tsa tlhaho, boikarabelo ba bahlokomeli ba joalo ha bo hlile ha bo senyehe. Linaheng tse ling kapa liprofinseng, ho na le boikarabello bo eketsehileng ba molao ba ho netefatsa polokeho ea liphoofolo tse pepesehetseng maemo a leholimo a feteletseng (Glassey, 2018; 2019; 2020b).
Leha ho na le mefuta e mengata e fapaneng, tekanyetso ea Emergency Management Accreditation Programme (EMAP) ke e 'ngoe e ka sebelisoang ho rala likoluoa tsa liphoofolo maemong ohle (naha, naha, lehae). U sebelisa maemo a EMAP (2019) joalo ka tekanyetso, merero ea taolo ea maemo a tšohanyetso e lokela ho kenyelletsa lintlha tse latelang:
Ho phaella ho litekanyetso tsa mantlha tse ka holimo, lintlha tse khethehileng tsa liphoofolo li lokela ho kenyelletsa:
Leha khaolo ena e sa tsepamise maikutlo taolong ea mafu a liphoofolo, menahano ea moralo ho tsoa bukeng ea Good Emergency Management Practice (GEMP) e hatisitsoeng ke Mokhatlo oa Lijo le Temo oa Machaba a Kopaneng (FAO) e na le likeletso tse molemo, ho kenyeletsoa ho buella hore merero ea likoluoa tse amanang le liphoofolo e be teng. karolo ea litokisetso tsa naha ea tsamaiso ea likoluoa le ho khona ho fumana lichelete tsa 'muso tse amanang le tsona (2011, leq. 18). Moo linaha tse kang United States li fetisitseng Molao oa PETS o bolokang lichelete tsa federal bakeng sa balekane le mesebetsi ea ts'ebeletso ea ts'ohanyetso ea liphoofolo, ho sa tsotellehe litlaleho tse hlahisitsoeng Paramente, 'muso oa New Zealand o 'nile oa tsoela pele ho qhelela ka thōko tsamaiso ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo ho arabela likoluoa tsa naha le lichelete tsa ho hlaphoheloa. litokisetso (Glassey, 2019).
Boleng ba mekhahlelo ea moralo hangata ha se tokomane ea ho qetela, empa haholo-holo ke mokhoa o lokelang ho kopanyelletsa ba amehang ho hlahisa kananelo e tšoanang ea likotsi, le hore na karabelo e hokahaneng e lokela ho etsoa joang. Moo meralo e hlahisoang ka thoko hangata e qetella e le a ho tšoaea lebokose boikoetliso, bo tsejoang hape e le bothata ba "paper plan syndrome" (Auf der Heide, 1989).
Mekhoa ea meralo ea taolo ea likoluoa ea liphoofolo e ntse e le lilemong tsa bocha, kaha boholo ba eona ho fihlela ho feta Molao oa US PETS ka 2006, ho ne ho e-na le bakhanni ba fokolang ba taolo bakeng sa moralo o joalo lefatšeng ka bophara. Bongata ba boikitlaetso ba moralo bo tsepamisitse maikutlo mabapi le ho amohela mekhoa ea batho, e leng ntho e utloahalang ka mabaka a ho lumellana, ho sebetsa hantle, le ho fana ka tumello ea boiteko. Leha ho le joalo, mefuta e joalo ea moralo e amohetsoeng e ile ea ntlafatsoa le ho ntlafatsoa bakeng sa mofuta o le mong - batho, ntle le ho ela hloko mefuta e meng. Ho na le mefuta e ka bang 7,700,000 ea liphoofolo lefatšeng (Mora et al., 2011) 'me mefuta ena ea mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea batho e baka mathata a eketsehileng bakeng sa baetsi ba likoluoa tsa liphoofolo, bao hangata ba tlamehang ho etsa merero e ka amohelang basebelisi ba ho qetela (e leng liphoofolo), ligrama tse seng kae ho isa ho tse makholo a lik'hilograma, tse sa buisaneng 'me ho ka etsahala hore li ipate, li balehe, kapa li hlase. Ho ka bonahala eka ho thusa batho likoluoeng ho bonolo ha ho bapisoa.
Ka 2014, Melao-motheo ea Sechaba ea Melaho ea Liphoofolo Likoluoa (NPPAD) e ile ea lokolloa ke Komiti ea Naha ea Boeletsi ea Liphoofolo Tsa Boemo ba Tšohanyetso 'me ea lumelloa ke Komiti ea Tsamaiso ea Tšohanyetso ea Australia New Zealand (Trigg et al., 2021) .NPPAD e fane ka melao-motheo ea 8 bakeng sa tshebetso ya moralo le metheo e meng e 16 e tla kenyeletswa mererong ya sebele. Ka 2020, ho ile ha fumanoa hore Australia ho ne ho e-na le tlhokomeliso e itekanetseng ea melao-motheo ho bohle ba amehang, le ts'ebetsong e tlaase ho isa ho e itekanetseng ea melao-motheo (Trigg et al., 2021). Melao-motheo ena - leha e ntlafalitsoe haholo-holo Australia - hangata e sebetsa linaheng tse ling tse ngata 'me e ka ba molemo molemong oa moralo.
Karolo ea ho itokisa e ka kenyelletsa ho theha le ho etsa liteko tsa meralo ea maemo a tšohanyetso bakeng sa lits'ebeletso tsa bolulo ba liphoofolo, matšolo a thuto ea sechaba mabapi le ho itokisetsa likoluoa tsa liphoofolo, ho koetlisa liphoofolo ho tseba mekhoa ea ho tsoa le lipalangoang, ho etsa matšolo a microchipping, ho ngolisa lits'ebetsong tsa temoso ea pele bakeng sa likhohola, mello, le tse joalo, le koetliso bakeng sa ba arabelang likoluoa tsa liphoofolo ka taelo ea liketsahalo, mollo oa naha, le polokeho ea likhohola. Sena se etsa bonnete ba hore ha koluoa e etsahala, karabelo ea ho sireletsa bophelo le thepa e ka ba e atlehileng ka ho fetisisa, e ka kenyelletsang libaka tsa phalliso tsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng, tlhokomelo ea liphoofolo tsa tšohanyetso, tlhokomelo ea likoluoa tsa bongaka ba liphoofolo, le pholoso ea liphoofolo.
Thuto, koetliso le boikoetliso le tsona li bohlokoa molemong oa ho itokisa. Lenane la lithupelo tsa taolo ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo le mananeo a thuto a ntse a eketseha butle-butle. Ho arolelana tlhahisoleseding le marang-rang ho tsoela pele ho thusa ho ntšetsa pele taeo ena e hlahang ea litsebi le liforamu tse kang National Alliance for State and Agricultural Emergency Programs (NASAAEP) (Green, 2019, p. 3) le Global Animal Disaster Management Conference (GADMC) li entse bohlokoa haholo. litlatsetso molemong oa ho khothaletsa sechaba se kenyelelitsoeng sa liphoofolo.
Ho ipapisitse le mefuta e mengata ea mekhoa ea meralo e teng, Vieira and Anthony (2021) ba thehile merero e tšeletseng e nang le boikarabello ba tlhokomelo ea liphoofolo bakeng sa ho nahanoa ha ho etsoa merero le maano a taolo ea likoluoa ho Anthropocene. Li akarelletsa (1) ho pholosa bophelo le ho fokotsa kotsi; (2) ho sireletsa boiketlo ba liphoofolo le ho hlompha liphihlelo tsa liphoofolo; (3) ho ela hloko, ho lemoha le ho khothalletsa toka e arolelanoang; (4) ho ntšetsa pele ho kenya letsoho ha sechaba;
(5) ho matlafatsa bahlokomeli, bahlokomeli, beng, le litho tsa sechaba; (6) ho matlafatsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba le botsebi ba sechaba sa bongaka ba liphoofolo, ho kenyeletsoa ho kenella lihlopheng tse fapaneng le ho sebelisa nts'etsopele ea mahlale. Ba hlometse ka NPPAD ea Australia, maemo a EMAP le merero e tšeletseng e ikarabellang ea ho hlokomela, bahlophisi ba likoluoa tsa liphoofolo joale ba na le lisebelisoa tsa ho theha merero e sebetsang.
Le hoja karolo ea ho arabela hangata e phatlalatsoa ka ho fetisisa, hangata ke ea nakoana ka ho fetisisa. Nako ea ho pholosa liphoofolo pele li shoa ka lebaka la likotsi, boloetse, lenyora, kapa tlala hangata e nyenyane 'me e hloka ho kenella hang-hang. Temong, ho phehiloe khang ea hore liphoofolo tsa inshorense li ka lebisa liphellong tse mpe tsa boiketlo ba liphoofolo, kaha hangata sesosa sa tefo ke lefu la liphoofolo tse joalo (Sawyer le Huertas, 2018). Joale e ba chelete e khahlehang ho bahlokomeli ba mehlape ho e lumella hore e timele. Leha ho le joalo, ho tsosolosoa ha mehlape ka mor'a likoluoa hangata ho fumanoe ho sa sebetse, ho lebisang ho kotsi ea nako e telele ea moruo ho lihoai, 'me ho na le mokhanni oa ho khothalletsa ho kenella pele ho nako ho sireletsa thepa e setseng e le mokhoa o mong o molemo (Sawyer le Huertas, 2018).
Mohlala oa sena se sa sebetseng hantle se etsahetse Myanmar ka 2008, ka mor'a Leholiotsoana la Nargis, moo libaka li ileng tsa lahleheloa haholo ke linare tse neng li le bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa kotulo ea raese. Kantle ho liphoofolo tsena masimo a silafalitsoeng ke moroallo a ne a ke ke a hlahisoa, kahoo ho ile ha hlahisoa linare tse ncha tse sebetsang. Leha ho le joalo, lenaneo lena la ho tsosolosa le ile la hlōleha ho sebetsana hantle le mathata a bophelo ba liphoofolo 'me la lebisa ho kenyelletsoeng ha mafu a macha le ho shoa ho eketsehileng ha lihlahisoa tse joalo (Sawyer le Huertas, 2018). "Tšehetso e fokolang bakeng sa liphoofolo tsena, hangata e sebetsa ka thata ka mor'a koluoa, kapa mananeo a sa reroang a ho tsosolosa a ka etsa hore boemo bo bobe bo mpefale ka potlako haholo" ( Sawyer le Huertas, 2018, p. 7). Ho tloha qalong ea 2000s lithuso tsa botho le litsebi tsa bongaka ba liphoofolo li ile tsa qala ho nahanisisa ka botebo hore na ho kenella ha bona ho sireletsa mehlape ka mor'a likoluoa ho ne ho sebetsa hantle. Sena se ile sa etsa hore Mokhatlo oa Thuso ea Lijo oa Machaba a Kopaneng (FAO) le mekhatlo e meng e ntlafatse le ho phatlalatsa Livestock Emergency Guideline and Standards (LEGS, 2017) . merero e amanang le maemo a liphallelo (LEGS, 2014). Leha ho le joalo, LEGS e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho thuseng baahi ba linaha tse sa tsoelang pele moruong 'me ha e fane ka litekanyetso tsa ho kenella ha likoluoa tse amanang le liphoofolo tse ling tseo e seng tsa liphoofolo tse kang liphoofolo tse tsamaeang le tsona.
Moo pholoso ea liphoofolo e etsoang teng hangata ho ba le karohano lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse thahasellang liphoofolo tse etsang mosebetsi ona le balaoli ba pholoso ba bohareng ba batho. Hangata 'bapholosi bana ba liphoofolo' ke lihlopha tse itlelang feela ntle le bolaoli, koetliso kapa lisebelisoa le sena thomollo ya pholoso ya diphoofolo ka ho khetheha e sitisa lihlopha tsa pholoso tsa likoluoa tsa liphoofolo tse lekang ho batla karabelo e nepahetseng le e kopaneng ea likoluoa tsa batho (Glassey, 2021). Ho fana ka tumello ea ho pholosa liphoofolo ho hlalosoa e le:
Karabelo e phahameng ka ho fetesisa ea lihlopha tsa lithahasello tsa liphoofolo tse arabelang ho thusa liphoofolo maemong a tšohanyetso kapa likoluoa ka mokhoa o sa sireletsehang kapa o seng molaong, e leng se etsang hore ho be thata le ho feta hore lihlopha tsa pholoso tsa liphoofolo tsa tšohanyetso li amoheloe le ho sebelisoa ke ba boholong le sechaba nakong e tlang. mekeno. (Glassey, 2021)
Ntle le ho beha bophelo ba batho kotsing, ho fana ho na le liphello tse mpe bakeng sa boiketlo ba liphoofolo ka ho senya tšepo pakeng tsa sechaba se arabelang liphoofolo le mekhatlo ea litšebeletso tsa tšohanyetso. Qetellong, tahlehelo ena ea tšepo le kholiseho e ka lebisa ho tšireletso ea liphoofolo likoluoeng ho nkoa e le tšitiso ho e-na le monyetla oa ho ntlafatsa polokeho ea batho le liphoofolo. Liphuputso li bontšitse hore batho ba ipeha kotsing ea litlhoko tsa liphoofolo, joalo ka ho roba likhoele ho hlokomela liphoofolo tsa bona kapa ho hloleha ho tsoa ha ba sa khone ho nka liphoofolo tsa bona (Heath, 1999; Heath et al., 2001; Irvine , 2009; Glassey, 2010; Potts and Gadenne, 2014; Heath and Linnabary, 2015; Taylor et al., 2015).
Nakong ea mello ea lihlahla Australia lehlabuleng la 2019 le 2020, tahlehelo ea liphoofolo tse libilione tse tharo e ile ea hapa tlhokomelo ea lefats'e, hammoho le likarabelo tse tsoang ho lihlopha tse thahasellang liphoofolo tsa lapeng le tsa machabeng. Lihlopha tse joalo li tsebahatsa ka molao kapa ka mokhoa o sa reroang e le 'pholoso ea liphoofolo'; leha ho le joalo, maemong a karabelo ea likoluoa, sena se ferekanya ebile se khelosa mekhatlo ea litšebeletso tsa tšohanyetso. Lihlopha tsena li sebelisa lentsoe 'pholoso ea liphoofolo' athe e kanna ea ba e loketseng haeba 'tlhokomelo ea liphoofolo', 'welfare', kapa 'rehoming' e ne e sebelisoa. Tšebeliso ea 'pholoso ea liphoofolo' e nyenyefatsa botšepehi ba mekhatlo ea litšebeletso tsa tšohanyetso e pholosang liphoofolo, 'me ba bang ba ka nka lentsoe 'pholoso' e le mokhabiso oa bokhoni.
Ka bomalimabe, ho haella ha moralo oa tsamaiso ea tšohanyetso ea liphoofolo ho fella ka hore lihlopha tsa thahasello ea liphoofolo li arabele likoluoa ntle le bolaoli bo loketseng, koetliso, kapa lisebelisoa, joalokaha ho boletsoe ke Glassey and Anderson (2019) mollong oa Nelson, New Zealand oa 2019. Esita le liphoofolo. lihlopha tsa thahasello tse tsepamisitseng maikutlo ho karabelo ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo li fumanoe li fokola, joalo ka nakong ea lihlahla tsa lehlabula moo livideo tsa papatso li bonts'ang basebetsi ba sebetsang ka malakabe le mosi ho ba potoloha, hape ba se na lisebelisoa tsa ts'ireletso (Glassey, 2021). Ho apara liaparo tse thibelang malakabe, lieta tsa tšireletso, lihelmete, likhalase le liatlana ke tlhokahalo e tloaelehileng bakeng sa ho sebetsa libakeng tsa mollo, kaha - esita le matsatsi le libeke ka mor'a hore mollo o fete - limela le mollo o ka tlas'a lefatše li tloaelehile, 'me li baka kotsi bakeng sa basebetsi ho hata kapa ho wela ho bona. Kotsi ea ho oela ha makala le lifate nakong ea mollo le ka mor'a eona e ntse e le khōlō 'me e hloka ho roaloa lihelmete. Tšebeliso ea livideo kapa litšoantšo tse bontšang lihlopha tse thahasellang liphoofolo tse sa ikamahanyang le litlhoko tsa mantlha tsa polokeho li fana ka tumello ea ho pholosa liphoofolo hape li fokotsa boemo ba ho itšepa le ho tšepa mekhatlo ea litšebeletso tsa tšohanyetso (Glassey, 2021).
Ho khaoha ho kopanngoa le lihlopha tsa liphoofolo tse ipehelang litekanyetso tsa tsona tsa koetliso, hangata li sa tsejoe ke mekhatlo ea tšireletso ea sechaba. Ts'ebetsong ea ho batla le pholoso ea litoropong, matšoao a amoheloang ke machabeng a behiloeng meahong e oeleng kapa e senyehileng (joalo ka kamora tšisinyeho ea lefatše) a hloleha ho kenyelletsa pholoso ea liphoofolo, e leng se lebisang pherekanong ha lihlopha tsa pholoso ea liphoofolo li beha matšoao a tsona (Glassey le Thompson, 2020).
Karolo e 'ngoe ea ho fana ka tumello ea pholoso ea liphoofolo e etsahala ha lihlopha tse thahasellang liphoofolo li arabela boemong ba tšohanyetso 'me li bolela hore litaba tse teng pele tsa boiketlo ba liphoofolo li bakoa ke, kapa tse amanang le ketsahalo eo. Sena se ka kenyelletsa ho nka litšoantšo tsa liphoofolo tse hlahlathelang motseng o senyehileng le ho fana ka maikutlo a hore phoofolo e ne e hloka pholoso, ha e ne e le, ka nako eo le pele ho koluoa, phoofolo e khelohileng; kapa ho bontša lintja tse se nang masaka kapa ho tlanngoe ka liketane ho latela likhohola, ha lintja li ne li le maemong ana pele ho moroallo. Meroallo e joalo e ka ’na eaba e pepesitse bofokoli bona, empa e ka ’na eaba hase eona sesosa sa matšoenyeho a joalo a boiketlo ba liphoofolo. Ho boleloa hore thibelo e molemo ho feta karabelo ea ka mor'a ketsahalo, 'me lihlopha tse thahasellang liphoofolo tse batlang ho fokotsa ts'oaetso ea liphoofolo ho likoluoa li ka lebisa tlhokomelo boitekong ba ho fokotsa le ho matlafatsa mekhoa e fokolang ea bophelo ba liphoofolo ho etsa hore ho be le tšusumetso e tsitsitseng ho ntlafatsa boiketlo ba liphoofolo (Glassey, 2021). Moo liphoofolo li pholosoang sebakeng se anngoeng ke koluoa, haeba mohlokomeli a le sieo, liphoofolo tse amehileng hangata li behoa sebakeng sa bolulo sa nakoana. Likoluoa ka tlhaloso li feta matla a sebaka, hangata lits'ebeletso tsa letsatsi le letsatsi joalo ka libaka tsa bolulo tsa liphoofolo, matlo a bolulo a batho, le liponto li kanna tsa se fumanehe ka lebaka la ts'enyehelo kapa matla a fetang a matla, re sa bue ka hore hangata mekhatlo ena e kanna ea itlhokomela. liphoofolo le boikarabello ba likoluoa. Ha ho khoneha, lisebelisoa tse teng le bafani ba litšebeletso li lokela ho sebelisoa kaha ka kakaretso ba fana ka maemo a holimo a boiketlo ba liphoofolo ho feta a matlo a nakoana, 'me tšebeliso ea bona e boetse e khothalletsa tsosoloso ea moruo. Ho fetohile haholo lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, 'me United States e etelletse pele mekhoa e mengata e mecha ea ts'ireletso ea liphoofolo tse tsamaeang le maemo a tšohanyetso. Libaka tsa Tloaelo tsa Liphoofolo-Feela (AOS) ke moo tlhokomelo ea liphoofolo e oelang ho sehlopha sa bolulo. Liphoofolo- Feela Shelters li ka ba tse loketseng maemong a mang, empa ka kakaretso ha li tšoarelle ha ho hlokahala palo e kholo ea bahlokomeli, e leng ho etsang hore mokhoa ona o be thata ho finyella koluoa leha e le efe ea sebaka se pharaletseng. Ho boetse ho fumanoe hore matlo ana a bolulo a theko e boima ka makhetlo a 25 ho feta Co-Habitation Shelters (CHS) le makhetlo a mahlano ho feta Co-Located Shelters (CLS) (Strain, 2018). Kaha liphoofolo li arohanngoa le bahlokomeli ba tsona sebakeng sa Animal-Only Shelters, sena se ka eketsa khatello ea kelello phoofolong, e leng se ka eketsang kotsi ea maloetse. Moo liphoofolo tse tsamaeang le tsona li lulang hammoho, batho ba phonyohang ba fuoa bolulo mohahong o haufi le moo liphoofolo li lulang teng, e leng se lumellang bahlokomeli ho hlokomela le ho hlokomela liphoofolo tsa bona tse ruuoang lapeng. Sena se fana ka tloaelo le moelelo oa sepheo mme se eketsa nako ea tšebelisano ea mohlokomeli le liphoofolo. Khetho e 'ngoe - e ntseng e eketseha United States - ke ho lula hammoho, moo batho le liphoofolo tsa bona ba lulang e le lelapa le le leng. Hangata sena se lebisa ho fokotseng khatello ea kelello ho phoofolo le ho motho, kaha liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng hangata li fana ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho sebetsana le maikutlo le liphoofolo li lula li khutsitse. Ho haella ha ho fana ka bolulo bo loketseng, bo loketseng liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng ha bo lebise feela liphellong tse futsanehileng tsa boiketlo ba liphoofolo, empa hape ho ka senya polokeho ea batho - haholo-holo ho ba nang le likamano tse matla ho liphoofolo tsa bona. Ho bile joalo ka mor'a tšisinyeho ea lefatše ea Japane, tsunami le koluoa ea nyutlelie ea 2011, moo batho ba hōlileng ba jeoang ke bolutu ba neng ba siiloe ba se na boikhethelo haese ho robala ka likoloing tsa bona haufi le litsi tsa phalliso tse neng li sa lumelle liphoofolo, hore feela li qheleloe ka thoko sechabeng, li hlasetsoe ke hypothermia. mariha, 'me, ka lekhetlo le leng, Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) ho tloha ho robala le maemo a lutseng a patisaneng (Kajiwara, 2020, leq. 66). Ho amohela hore 'Ho Fepa Sebakeng' e ka boela ea e-ba mokhoa o mong oa tšireletso ea liphoofolo maemong a tšohanyetso maemong a mang, ntlha ea bohlokoa ke hore Co-Habitated Sheltering ke tekanyetso ea khauta (Green, 2019, leq.
Ho haella ha bajari ba liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng ho 'nile ha amahanngoa e le sesosa sa ho hlōleha ho tsoa (Heath, 1999, leq. 209), haholo-holo ho ba nang le liphoofolo tse nyenyane tse ngata. Hona joale e se e le tloaelo bakeng sa mekhatlo e fanang ka thuso ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo tse kang Animal Evac New Zealand ho ea libakeng tse ka 'nang tsa hloka ho falla kapa tlas'a tsebiso ea ho falla le ho aba bajari ba liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ho falla. Sena se lebisa ho liphetho tse betere tsa polokeho ea batho le liphoofolo (Glassey le Anderson, 2019).
Ha ba tobane le tlhoko ea ho falla, malapa a mang a ka 'na a tloha ka boomo hore a tlohele motho e mong hore a hlokomele liphoofolo tsa bona, ha karolo e setseng e ea sebakeng se sireletsehileng (Taylor et al., 2015). Moo liphoofolo li siiloeng sebakeng sa likoluoa tse nkiloeng, hangata ba bangata ba khutlela ho pholosa kapa ho hlokomela liphoofolo tsa bona, tse ka 'nang tsa ipeha kotsing kapa ba arabelang tšireletso ea sechaba, joalo ka tšisinyeho ea lefatše ea Haiti ea 2010 (Sawyer le Huertas, 2018, leq. 10) ), litšisinyeho tsa lefatše tsa Canterbury (Potts le Gadenne, 2014), le moroallo oa Edgecumbe (Glassey et al., 2020). Ho tloaelehile hore batho ba ipehe kotsing ea ho sireletsa liphoofolo tsa bona kapa ho itšoara ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng, joalo ka tabeng ea ho kheloha ha terene ea Weyauwega ka 1996. Ka mor'a ho senyeha ha terene e nkileng thepa e ngata e kotsi, toropo eohle ea Wisconsin e nang le Malapa a 1,022 a ile a ntšoa ka potlako. Ka mor'a matsatsi a seng makae, beng ba liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng ba ile ba leka ho tlōla khoele ho pholosa liphoofolo tsa bona. Beng ba liphoofolo ba tsielehileng ba ile ba letsetsa setsing sa ts'ebetso ea tšohanyetso ka tšokelo ea bomo. Sena se ile sa lebisa tlhokomelong e mpe ea boralitaba e ileng ea etsa hore 'Musisi oa naha a laele Balebeli ba Naha ho kena ka likoloi tse hlometseng ho thusa ka pholoso ea liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng tse makholo tse setseng (Irvine, 2009, leq. 38).
Ho lahleheloa ke liphoofolo tse tsamaeang le bona ka ho khetheha ho ka ba le liphello tse bohloko tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Hunt et al. (2008) e fumane hore baphonyohi ba Leholiotsoana Katrina le bona ba ne ba ka ba le litlamorao tse bohloko ka mor'a ho lahleheloa ke phoofolo ea bona joalo ka ha ba ne ba lahleheloa ke lehae la bona. Likoluoa li ka boela tsa hlahisa tse mpe ka ho fetisisa molokong oa batho le ho theha menyetla ea ho sebelisa batho ba tlokotsing sechabeng, joalo ka batho ba pedophiles ka likoluoa ba sebelisang boemo ba moferefere ho sephethephethe sa bana ba sa felehetsoang (Montgomery, 2011). Liphoofolo le tsona li ka ba kotsing ea tlhekefetso e tšoanang joalo ka ha ho hlokometsoe Leholiotsoana Harvey ka litlaleho tsa bosholu ba tlokotsi 'me pokello ea likoluoa, ea morao-rao e kenyelletsang bahlokomeli ba liphoofolo ba sebelisitseng koluoa eo e le monyetla oa ho khutlisa pokello ea bona (Glassey, 2018).
Le ha mohato oa karabelo o qala, ho lokela ho ba joalo le moralo oa pele oa mohato oa ho hlaphoheloa. Ho hlaphoheloa ho ka boela ha hlalosoa e le ho tsosolosoa ha sechaba, 'me mohato ona o boetse o hloka ho kenyelletsa lintlha tsa liphoofolo le boiketlo ba tsona. Hangata sena se ka kenyelletsa phepelo ea bolulo bo loketseng liphoofolo, ho kopanngoa ha liphoofolo tse tlositsoeng mahaeng a bona, le ho khutlisa litšebeletso tsa bophelo bo botle ba liphoofolo le liphoofolo. Ho hlaphoheloa ho lokela iketsetse betere, le tlhaloso ea Machaba a Kopaneng, e leng setsi sa batho, e hlalosoa e le:
Tšebeliso ea mekhahlelo ea ho tsosolosa, ho tsosolosa le ho tsosolosa ka mor'a koluoa ho eketsa botsitso ba lichaba le sechaba ka ho kopanya mehato ea ho fokotsa kotsi ea likoluoa ho tsosolosoa ha lisebelisoa tsa 'mele le mekhoa ea sechaba, le ho tsosolosa mekhoa ea boipheliso, moruo le tikoloho. (Ofisi ea Machaba a Kopaneng ea Phokotso ea Likotsi tsa Likoluoa, 2020b)
Khaello ea bolulo ba kamora koluoa, e nang le botsoalle ba liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng e lula e tsejoa e le bothata, ho tloha Haiti moo, kamora tšisinyeho ea lefatše ea 2010, batho ba balehileng mahaeng a bona likampong tse nang le litente ba sa khone ho ba le liphoofolo tsa bona (Sawyer le Huertas, 2018, leq. 10), ho ba khutletseng libakeng tse qheletsoeng ka thoko haufi le Fukushima ho ea hlokomela liphoofolo tsa bona ka sekhukhu, kapa ba robetse ka har'a likoloi tsa bona maemong a batang a mariha le liphoofolo tsa bona, kaha liphoofolo li ne li sa lumelloe libakeng tsa bolulo tsa nakoana (Kajiwara, 2020). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Christchurch ka mor'a tšisinyeho ea lefatše ea 2011 Canterbury, bolulo bo loketseng liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng bo ile ba haella haholo, ba qobella beng ba bona ho tela liphoofolo tsa bona, ho baka mahlomola a mangata ho batho le liphoofolo (Potts le Gadenne, 2014).
Litlamorao tse sithabetsang bathong le liphoofolong nakong ea koluoa le ka mor'a eona li ka ba teng ka likhoeli tse ngata. Batho bao ba arabelang ho thusa liphoofolo tse anngoeng ke likoluoa, ho tloha ho bapholosi ba baithaopi ho ea ho litsebi tsa litsebi tsa liphoofolo, ha ba sireletsehe ho tsoa liphellong tsa ho pepesehela liphihlelo tse sithabetsang hangata tse fumanoang tlokotsing. Phuputsong ea lefats'e ea ba arabelang likoluoa tsa bongaka ba liphoofolo, ho fumanoe hore 51% e bontšitse mathata a bophelo bo botle nakong ea karabelo ea bona le ho fihlela likhoeling tse 6 kamora moo (Vroegindewey le Kertis, 2021). Ke habohlokoa ho mang kapa mang ea nahanang ho kenya letsoho karabelong ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo ho fumana koetliso ea thuso ea pele ea kelello le lisebelisoa.
Karolo ea ho hlaphoheloa e boetse e lokela ho kenyelletsa mokhoa oa ho nahanisisa ka karabo, esita le ho hlaphoheloa. Hangata ho latela karabo, After Action Report (AAR) e ngoloa ho latela tlhaloso ea mekhatlo e amehang karabong. AAR ke mohato oa pele oa bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea tsamaiso ea lithuto, e ikemiselitseng ho ntlafatsa eseng feela likarabo tse latelang, empa lintlafatso ho mekhahlelo e pharaletseng ea tsamaiso ea maemo a tšohanyetso. Haholo-holo, li-AAR ha li tlamehe, ebile ha se sebopeho, litaba, le phatlalatso. Le hoja li-AAR li le bohlokoa ho ntlafatsa likarabo tse latelang, tse lokelang ho lebisa tlhokomelong e ntle ea sechaba le liphello tsa boiketlo ba liphoofolo, hangata ha li arolelanoe, hangata ka lebaka la tšabo ea mefokolo e tlisang lihlong tsa lipolotiki kapa kotsi ea botumo.
Lithuto tse hloailoeng ho li-AAR ka bomalimabe li ithutoa seoelo. Thuto ka Glassey et al. (2020) e fumane hore ke 7% feela ea lithuto tse sebetsang tse ithutoang maemong a karabelo ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo tse hlahang Moroallong oa Edgecumbe oa 2017, ho isa ho 2019 Nelson Fires. Tlhahlobo ea papiso ea li-AAR bakeng sa liketsahalo tsena ka bobeli e fumane hore mathata a tloaelehileng a amanang le koetliso, bokhoni, molao, leano, moralo, tsamaiso ea tlhahisoleseding, le tsamaiso ea liketsahalo, li ile tsa phetoa, 'me ho bonahala eka lithuto ha lia ithutoa. Khopolo ea hore ho ithutoa likoluoa tse fetileng e hloka tlhahlobo e tebileng.
Ho ntlafatsa boiketlo ba liphoofolo likoluoeng, ho hlokahala mosebetsi o mongata. Taba ea pele, ho fokotsa ho ba kotsing ea liphoofolo tse kotsing e tlameha ho beoa pele. E le karolo ea mokhoa o pharaletseng oa tsamaiso ea maemo a tšohanyetso, meralo ea ho theha botsitso ba sechaba se kenyeletsang liphoofolo e tlameha ho kenyelletsa melao le maano a thehiloeng bopaking. Merero e joalo e hloka ho netefatsa hore bahlokomeli ba nka boikarabello ba mantlha ba boiketlo ba liphoofolo likoluoeng, empa hape e tlameha ho fana ka tlhokomelo le ts'ebetso ea mmuso le mekhatlo ea balekane e tsamaisang le ho hokahanya taolo ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo. Hona joale ha ho na mokhoa oa ho bapisa katleho ea mekhoa ea tsamaiso ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo ho pholletsa le linaha. Ho khothalletsoa hore Index ea Tšireletso ea Liphoofolo (Ts'ireletso ea Lefatše ea Liphoofolo, 2020) e ntlafatsoe ho kenyelletsa letšoao la tsamaiso ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo, kapa hore lenane la tsamaiso ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo lefatšeng ka bophara le ntlafatsoe ka tsela e tšoanang le ea National Capabilities for Animal Response in Emergency (NCARE) joalokaha e ntlafalitsoe. ke Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Thibelo ea Bokhopo ho Liphoofolo (Spain et al., 2017). Melao ea mohlala bakeng sa tsamaiso ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo le eona e lokela ho ntlafatsoa le ho nkoa e le karolo ea li-indices tse ntlafalitsoeng kapa tse ncha. Mehaho e meng e kang ea Libaka tse hlano (Mellor, 2017) ba ka rua molemo lipatlisisong tse ling mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea taolo ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo.
Ho boetse ho hlokahala hore ho be le boiteko bo matla ba ho kenya letsoho taolong ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo, hole le ho ba "taba ea liphoofolo". Bophelo bo le bong - Mekhoa e le 'ngoe ea Boiketlo ba Boiketlo e fana ka menyetla ea ho hokahanya boiketlo ba liphoofolo le batho, le ts'ireletso ea tikoloho, tsohle tse mabapi le tsamaiso ea likoluoa le tumellanong le mekhoa ea machaba ea ho fokotsa likoluoa tse kang Sendai Framework (Dalla Villa et al., 2020) .Travers et al. (2021) hape e fana ka likhothaletso bakeng sa ho matlafatsa khokahano lipakeng tsa Tsamaiso e le 'ngoe ea Bophelo bo Botle le taolo ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo, ho kenyeletsoa: mekhahlelo e mehlano ea tšebetso: (i) ho kopanya liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng tšebetsong le pholisi ea taolo ea likoluoa; (ii) ho theha tikoloho e loketseng liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng le maano a amanang le ona; (iii) ho kenya letsoho tšebetsong ea sechaba moralong oa taolo ea likoluoa; XNUMX
Mohlomong karabo ke ho hlahisa paradigm ea 'One Rescue' e hlokomelang melemo le menyetla ea ts'ireletso ea sechaba ha liphoofolo li kopantsoe le moralo oa likoluoa ke ba boholong ba batho, joalo ka ho ba le litšebeletso tsa mollo le pholoso li hokahanya karabelo ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo ho netefatsa mokhoa o kopanetsoeng, ho qoba ho pheta-pheta boiteko, le ho phahamisa matla ho tsoa ho ba arabelang likoluoa tsa liphoofolo ba koetlisitsoeng le ba nang le lisebelisoa, ba sebetsa ka katleho e le ba atisang matla. Mokhoa ona o beha ts'ireletso ea liphoofolo eseng joalo ka mohopolo oa kamora likoluoa, empa ke ts'ebetso ea mantlha e tla lebisa liphellong tse ntle tsa polokeho ea batho le liphoofolo. Phetoho ena e boetse e tla hloka hore ba tsoang ka lehlakoreng la 'phoofolo' ba eketse 'me ba fumane botšepehi bo eketsehileng ka har'a mosebetsi oa tsamaiso ea likoluoa, ka ho phethela koetliso ea tsamaiso ea maemo a tšohanyetso, mangolo a thuto le mangolo a bopaki a kang Certified Emergency Manager (CEM®) ho tlatsetsa boiketlo ba liphoofolo. kapa semelo sa bongaka ba diphoofolo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ba 'lehlakoreng la taolo ea likoluoa' le shebaneng le batho ba hloka ho utloisisa hamolemo bohlokoa le melemo ea ho kenyelletsa liphoofolo litokisetsong tsa likoluoa, ka nts'etsopele ea litsebi tse kang World Animal Protection's PrepVet course le lithupelo tsa FEMA Independent Study mabapi le moralo oa tšohanyetso oa liphoofolo le mehlape. .
Liphoofolo tse limilione li angoa ke koluoa selemo se seng le se seng 'me sena se tla tsoela pele ho hola ha batho ba ntse ba etsa liqeto tse eketsang ho ba kotsing ea liphoofolo tse joalo likotsing tse ntseng li eketseha, tse mpefalitsoeng ke phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, ho matlafala ha temo ea liphoofolo, ho aha litoropong, meaho e fokolang ea bophelo ba liphoofolo, le litokisetso tse mpe tsa taolo ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo. Ha feela sechaba se hloleha ho ntlafatsa maemo a taolo ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo, ha se boiketlo ba liphoofolo feela bo beoang kotsing, empa polokeho, boiketlo le mekhoa ea boipheliso ea batho le tsona li joalo. Ho fokotsa litlamorao tsena, ho hlokahala boikitlaetso bo hokahaneng ba ho kopanya hamolemo mekhoa ea taolo ea likoluoa tsa liphoofolo le batho, hammoho le mekhoa e ntlafalitsoeng ea boikarabello maemong ohle. Hoo e ka bang mefuta e ka bang limilione tse robeli lefatšeng ka bophara e itšetlehile ka batho hore ba be le sesupa-tsela sa boitšoaro ho ntlafatsa le ho sebetsana le bofokoli bona, 'me ketso e joalo e ke ke ea tla kapele.
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